IJPR.2020.161

Type of Article:  Original Research

Volume 8; Issue 5 (October 2020)

Page No.: 3609-3619

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2020.161

BREATHING RATE/RHYTHM EVALUATION ASCERTAINS TOTAL HEALTH (BREATH): THE PULMONARY PANACEA

R. Vinodh Rajkumar.

Physiotherapist & Anthropologist, Director – Prabhanjeet Fitness Research Institute OPC Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Address for Correspondence: R. Vinodh Rajkumar, Physiotherapist & Anthropologist, Director – Prabhanjeet Fitness Research Institute OPC Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E-Mail: dreamofkalam@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Breathing orchestrates the homeostatic harmony. Well-balanced breathing pattern is a life-stabilizing and life-propelling force. Adequate amount of oxygen intake mediates metabolism and brings meaning to life through coordinated activities of the anatomical and physiological marvels of the body. Though the body is equipped to withstand anaerobic conditions but it is only for restricted period of time based on the intensity of the physical activity, after which the oxygen must be replenished rapidly in extra quantities ‘Oxygen debt’ through increased rate of ventilation till the regulatory mechanisms of respiration restore the baseline breathing process. Oxygen intake is not the only role of lungs but to stringently defend against foreign organisms and eliminate CO₂ also, including humidification of inhaled air. Thus, inherently lungs are unquestionably capable of protecting themselves and the whole body. Still, human errors could destroy the functions of lungs leading to excruciating morbidities. Some of these morbidities are even able to transform into exceedingly risky communicable diseases, therefore an infectious disease originating from just one individual might have potency to transmit across the globe. After the arrival of COVID-19, the entire world exhaustively struggles to understand the ways to protect the lungs or restore the functions of lungs to save people, obviously without knowing the status of respiratory fitness of every individual. Health of the lungs is controlled by several variables but all of them are inter-dependent to determine one common goal “rate and rhythm of breathing”. This article aims to inculcate the practice of working in the direction of attaining and maintaining healthy respiratory cycles to prevent or cure the diseases.

Key words: Respiratory rate, Rhythm of breathing, Diseases of lung, Lung capacity, Chest expansion, Abnormal breathing pattern, Diaphragmatic breathing, Regulation of respiration.

REFERENCES

[1]. Scarpelli, E.M. Perinatal lung mechanics and the first breath. Lung 1984;162:61-71.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02715632
PMid:6371391
[2]. Heck DH, McAfee SS, Liu Y, Babajani-Feremi A, Rezaie R, Freeman WJ, Wheless JW, Papanicolaou AC, Ruszinkó M, Sokolov Y and Kozma R (2017) Breathing as a Fundamental Rhythm of Brain Function. Front. Neural Circuits 10:115.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2016.00115
PMid:28127277 PMCid:PMC5226946
[3]. Ashira Hiruntrakul. The Effect of Core Muscle Strength Training on Lung Function Middle and Long Distance Athletes. J J Sport Med. 2018;5(1):024.
[4]. Ravi S. Reddy , Khalid A. Alahmari , Paul S. Silvian , Irshad A. Ahmad , Venkata Nagaraj Kakarparthi , and Kanagaraj Rengaramanujam. Reliability of Chest Wall Mobility and Its Correlation with Lung Functions in Healthy Nonsmokers, Healthy Smokers, and Patients with COPD. Canadian Respiratory Journal Volume 2019, Article ID 5175949, 11 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5175949
PMid:30931074 PMCid:PMC6410441
[5]. Caldeira Vda S, Starling CC, Britto RR, Martins JA, Sampaio RF, Parreira VF. Reliability and accuracy of cirtometry in healthy adults. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(5):519-526.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000500006
PMid:18026649
[6]. Beyerle, Jeanne Monique PA-C, ATC Spirometry for the primary care provider, Journal of the American Academy of PAs: December 2014;27(12):28-34.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000455647.12048.9f
PMid:25417663
[7]. Bharati Mehta, Kunal Garg, Sneha Ambwani, Bharti Bhandari, Om Lata Bhagat. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: A Useful Tool for Early Detection of Airway Obstruction in School Children. Open Medicine Journal, 2016;3:159-165.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874220301603010159
[8]. Retory Y, Niedzialkowski P, de Picciotto C, Bonay M, Petitjean M. New Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Method for Evaluating Ventilatory Adaptation during Mild Physical Activities. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151983.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151983
PMid:27008313 PMCid:PMC4805261
[9]. Hafke-Dys H, Bręborowicz A, Kleka P, Kociński J, Biniakowski A (2019) The accuracy of lung auscultation in the practice of physicians and medical students. PLOS ONE 14(8): e0220606.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220606
PMid:31404066 PMCid:PMC6690530
[10]. Test M, Shah SS, Monuteaux M, Ambroggio L, Lee EY, Markowitz RI, Bixby S, Diperna S, Servaes S, Hellinger JC, Neuman MI, Chest Radiograph Interpretation. J. Hosp. Med 2013;7;359-364.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.1991
PMid:23184766
[11]. Tyler J.Paradis, Jennifer Dixon, Brandon H.Tieu. The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of airway disease. J.Thorac Dis.2016 Dec;8(12): 3826-3837.
https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.12.68
PMid:28149583 PMCid:PMC5227188
[12]. Winokur RS, Pua BB, Sullivan BW, Madoff DC. Percutaneous lung biopsy: technique, efficacy, and complications. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013;30(2):121-127.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1342952
PMid:24436527 PMCid:PMC3709987
[13]. Bhatt SP. Generic Respiratory Symptoms and Branded Lung Diseases. Same Difference?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(12):1521-1523.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201801-0191ED
PMid:29420052 PMCid:PMC6006409
[14]. Keir E. J. Philip, Emma Pack, Valentina Cambiano, Hannah Rollmann, Simon Weil, and James O’Beirne. The accuracy of respiratory rate assessment by doctors in a London teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2015; 29(4): 455-460.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-014-9621-3
PMid:25273624 PMCid:PMC4487351
[15]. Sandy Rolfe. The importance of respiratory rate monitoring. British Journal of Nursing, 2019;28(8).
https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2019.28.8.504
PMid:31002547
[16]. Michelle A Cretikos, Rinaldo Bellomo, Ken Hillman, Jack Chen, Simon Finfer, Arthas Flabouris. Respiratory rate: The neglected vital sign. The Medical journal of Australia, 2008, 188(11):657-9.
https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01825.x
PMid:18513176
[17]. Ottestad W, Søvik S. COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure: what can we learn from aviation medicine? [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 18]. Br J Anaesth. 2020;S0007-0912(20)30226-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.012
PMid:32362340 PMCid:PMC7165289
[18]. R. Vinodh Rajkumar. Prevalence of Outward Deviation of Feet in Human Gait: A Non-participant Observation. Int J Physiother Res 2020;8(1):3378-3387.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2020.101
[19]. Sathiyamoorthi S, Anand DP, Muthunarayanan L. Is Master Health Checkup the Answer to Tackle the Rising Non-Communicable Disease Burden in India? – A Cross-Sectional Study. J Lifestyle Med. 2019;9(2):111-118.
https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2019.9.2.111
PMid:31828029 PMCid:PMC6894444
[20]. Lalande, L., Bambling, M., King, R., & Lowe, R. Breathwork: An additional treatment option for depression and anxiety? Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 2011;42:113-119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-011-9180-6
[21]. Rudrappa M, Modi P, Bollu PC. Cheyne Stokes Respirations. [Updated 2020 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448165/
[22]. Guri A, Scheier E, Adi M, et al. Biot’s breathing associated with acute bacterial meningitis in a child. Case Reports 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225774
PMid:29960974 PMCid:PMC6040499
[23]. Minagar, A., & Weiner, W. J. Adolf Kussmaul and His Respiratory Sign. Journal of Medical Biography, 2001;9(3):181-183.
https://doi.org/10.1177/096777200100900311
PMid:11466520
[24]. Gallo de Moraes A, Surani S. Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis in the respiratory system. World J Diabetes. 2019;10(1):16-22.
https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v10.i1.16
PMid:30697367 PMCid:PMC6347653
[25]. Drain CB. Physiology of respiratory system related to anesthesia. CRNA. 1996;7:163-80
[26]. Patwa A, Shah A. Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system relevant to anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth. 2015;59(9):533-541.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.165849
PMid:26556911 PMCid:PMC4613399
[27]. Tobin MJ. Basing Respiratory Management of COVID-19 on Physiological Principles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1319-1320.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-1076ED
PMid:32281885 PMCid:PMC7258630
[28]. Patel S, Sharma S. Respiratory Acidosis. [Updated 2020 Jun 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482430/
[29]. NICE CG50: Recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/CG50 (2007).
[30]. Van Dam MN, Fitzgerald BM. Pulsus Paradoxus. [Updated 2020 May 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482292/
[31]. Urell, C., Emtner, M., Hedenstrom, H. et al. Respiratory muscle strength is not decreased in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;11:41.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-016-0433-z
PMid:27036318 PMCid:PMC4815249
[32]. Katz, S., Arish, N., Rokach, A. et al. The effect of body position on pulmonary function: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med 2018;18:159.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0723-4
PMid:30305051 PMCid:PMC6180369
[33]. Westerdahl E, Lindmark B, Bryngelsson I, Tenling A. Pulmonary function 4 months after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Respir Med. 2003;97(4):317-22.
https://doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2002.1424
PMid:12693792
[34]. Xiaoneng Mo, Wenhua Jian, Zhuquan Su, Mu Chen, Hui Peng, Ping Peng, Chunliang Lei, Shiyue Li, Ruchong Chen, Nanshan Zhong. Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge. European Respiratory Journal 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01217-2020
PMid:32381497 PMCid:PMC7236826
[35]. Grimby G, Fugl-Meyer AR, Blomstrand A. Partitioning of the contributions of rib cage and abdomen to ventilation in ankylosING SPONDYLITIS. Thorax. 1974;29(2):179-184.
https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.29.2.179
PMid:4831523 PMCid:PMC470125
[36]. R.Vinodh Rajkumar. Lungeometry – Geometrical Investigation of Lunge. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 2015;3(1):855-862.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2014.703
[37]. Jamie E. Crockett, Craig S. Cashwell, Jodi L. Tangen, K. Hridaya Hall, and J. Scott Young. Breathing Characteristics and Symptoms of Psychological Distress: An Exploratory Study. Counseling and Values. April 2016;61.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12023
[38]. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, et al. The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Front Psychol. 2017;8:874.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
PMid:28626434 PMCid:PMC5455070
[39]. Bonilha AG, Onofre F, Vieira ML, Prado MY, Martinez JA. Effects of singing classes on pulmonary function and quality of life of COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:1-8.
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S4077
[40]. R. Surekha, R. Archana, B. Vijayalakshmi. Effect of regular dance practice on pulmonary functions and respiratory efficiency in female bharatanatyam dancers – A pilot study. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 9(4):1268-1273.
[41]. Michael A. Roman, Harry B. Rossiter, Richard Casaburi. Exercise, ageing and the lung. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48:1471-1486.
https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00347-2016
PMid:27799391
[42]. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat Immunol. 2015 Apr; 16(4):343-53.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3123
PMid:25789684 PMCid:PMC4507498
[43]. Gomes-Filho IS, Passos JS, Seixas da Cruz S. Respiratory disease and the role of oral bacteria. J Oral Microbiol. 2010;2:10.
https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v2i0.5811
PMid:21523216 PMCid:PMC3084574
[44]. Paju S, Scannapieco FA. Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections. Oral Dis. 2007;13(6):508-512.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01410a.x
PMid:17944664 PMCid:PMC2258093
[45]. Parameswaran K, Todd DC, Soth M. Altered respiratory physiology in obesity. Can Respir J. 2006;13(4):203-210.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/834786
PMid:16779465 PMCid:PMC2683280
[46]. Krina Chheda, Jaimala Shetye, Amita Mehta. Comparison of spirometric pulmonary function in subjects with apple and pear shape fat distribution. Int J Physiother Res 2020;8(3):3484-3490.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2020.133
[47]. R.Vinodh Rajkumar. Endomorphy dominance among non-athlete population in all the ranges of body mass index. International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 2015;3 (3):1068-1074.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2015.139
[48]. R.Vinodh Rajkumar. Epidemiological Intersection: The Revelation of Covid – 19 Pandemic. Int J Physiother Res 2020;8(2):3438-42.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2020.126
[49]. R. Vinodh Rajkumar. Gravitational Torque Deficiency Syndrome (GTDS): A Prospective Clinical Terminology – Part 1. Int J Physiother Res 2016;4(5):1668-1678.
https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2016.161
[50]. Prem Shankar Srivastava. Spiritual Intelligence: An Overview. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development. 2016;3(3):224-227.

Share this Research

Facebook

Twitter

Linkedin

email

Print

Pinterest