IJAR.2021.203

Type of Article:  Case Report

Volume 10; Issue 1 (March 2022)

Page No.: 8269-8274

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.203

Renal Hypoplasia: Case Literature Review

Manisha Nakhate 1, Varsha Bande *2, Manisha Mishra 3, Rajesh Kumar 4.

1 Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

*2 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

3 Assistant Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

4 Department of Anatomy, AIIMS New Delhi, India.

Corresponding author: Dr Varsha Pravin Bande, 1102, bldg. no 10, Clover, Everest World CHS, Dhokali Naka, Kolshet road, Thane west 400607, Maharashtra, India. E-Mail: drvarshanavgire@gmail.com   

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) presents a broad range of disorders including abnormal renal parenchymal development, disrupted parenchymal development, abnormalities of lower urinary tract, urinary collecting system. The knowledge of these anomalies will help the clinicians and surgeons during the procedures of kidney. The purpose of this article is to present one of the cases of renal hypoplasia and the review that highlights renal hypoplasia cases.

Methodology: A vertical incision has been made in midline from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis encircling the umbilicus, another incision from pubic symphysis laterally up to the anterior superior iliac tubercle along the iliac crest to expose the abdominal cavity. Details of the position suprarenal gland and the upper poles of the kidneys and external appearance of kidneys in situ were noted. The arrangement of the attached structures such as the hilum with structures passing through, ureter, bladder, abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava were also noted and recorded.

Observation and Result: The size of the left kidney was found small in comparison to right kidney. Coronal section of left kidney also showed a smaller number of renal pyramids, major calyces and minor calyces.

Conclusion: The knowledge of anatomical variations of urinary system has a significant role for clinicians and surgeons for diagnosing diseases including congenital anomalies, radiological interpretations, procedures, surgical interventions and management of clinical conditions.

Key Words: Renal Hypoplasia, Congenital Anomalies Of Kidney And Ureter, Cadavers, Dissection.

REFERENCES

[1]. Winyard P, Feather S. Genetics of human kidney malformations. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1996 Jun 1;11(6):976-8.
[2]. Rukmangadha N, Chowhan AK, Patnayak R, Radhika K, Phaneendra BV, Lakshmi AY, Reddy MK. Multicystic dysplastic kidney: a retrospective study with clinicopathological correlation. J Clin Sci Res. 2013;2:88-93.
[3]. Debnath J, Singh H, Kapur K, Bhattacharya TK. Multicystic dysplastic kidneys: antenatal diagnosis. Medical Journal, Armed Forces India. 2004 Jul;60(3):310.
[4]. Aytaç B, Sehitoğlu I, Vuruskan H. Multicystic dysplastic kidney: four-year evaluation. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2011 Sep 1;27(3):210-4.
[5]. Ylinen E, Ahonen S, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S. Nephrectomy for multicystic dysplastic kidney: if and when?. Urology. 2004 Apr 1;63(4):768-71.
[6]. Hiraoka M, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Kasuga K, Ishihara Y, Mayumi M. Renal aplasia is the predominant cause of congenital solitary kidneys. Kidney international. 2002 May 1;61(5):1840-4.
[7]. Rubenstein M, Meyer R, Bernstein J. Congenital abnormalities of the urinary system: I. A postmortem survey of developmental anomalies and acquired congenital lesions in a children’s hospital. The Journal of pediatrics. 1961 Mar 1;58(3):356-66.
[8]. Bernstein J, Meyer R. Some speculations on the nature and significance of developmentally small kidneys (renal hypoplasia). Nephron. 1964;1(3):137-43.
[9]. Bernstein J. Developmental abnormalities of th renal parenchyma-renal hypoplasia and dysplasia. Pathol. Ann.. 1986;3:213-47.
[10]. Holcomb Jr G. Renal dysgenesis and cystic disease of the kidney: A report of the committee on terminology, nomenclature and classification, section on urology, american academy of pediatrics: K. Glassberg, F. Stephens, R. Lebowitz, et al. J Urol 138: 1085–1092,(October), 1987. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1988 Jul 1;23(7):686.
[11]. Cain JE, Di Giovanni V, Smeeton J, Rosenblum ND. Genetics of renal hypoplasia: insights into the mechanisms controlling nephron endowment. Pediatric research. 2010 Aug;68(2):91-8.
[12]. Mathé CP. THE DIMINUTIVE KIDNEY—Congenital Hypoplasia and Atrophic Pyelonephritis. California medicine. 1956 Feb;84(2):110.
[13]. Moore MW, Klein RD, Fariñas I, Sauer H, Armanini M, Phillips H, Reichardt LF, Ryan AM, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A. Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF. Nature. 1996 Jul;382(6586):76-9.
[14]. Moore MW, Klein RD, Fariñas I, Sauer H, Armanini M, Phillips H, Reichardt LF, Ryan AM, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A. Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF. Nature. 1996 Jul;382(6586):76-9.
[15]. Pichel JG, Shen L, Sheng HZ, Granholm AC, Drago J, Grinberg A, Lee EJ, Huang SP, Saarma M, Hoffer BJ, Sariola H. Defects in enteric innervation and kidney development in mice lacking GDNF. Nature. 1996 Jul;382(6586):73-6.
[16]. Sánchez MP, Silos-Santiago I, Frisén J, He B, Lira SA, Barbacid M. Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons in mice lacking GDNF. Nature. 1996 Jul;382(6586):70-3.
[17]. Cullen-McEwen LA, Drago J, Bertram JF. Nephron endowment in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) heterozygous mice. Kidney international. 2001 Jul 1;60(1):31-6.
[18]. Romanes GJ. Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy.
[19]. Shambharkar SB, Borate S, Ratta AK, Gangane S. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF KIDNEY IN CADAVERS OF WESTERN MAHARASHTRA REGION. Int J Anat Res. 2020;8(3.2):7680-91.
[20]. Bonsib SM. Renal hypoplasia, from grossly insufficient to not quite enough: consideration for expanded concepts based upon the author’s perspective with historical review. Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 2020 Sep;27(5):311.
[21]. Lockhart KR, Saul M, Blatt A. Novel approach to locating a hypoplastic kidney in a unique variant of uterine didelphys syndrome presenting with continuous incontinence. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2019 Dec 1;12(12):e229570.
[22]. RAMAN S, PADHY SK, RATH J, SENAPATI U. Hypoplastic dysplasia of kidney with hydroureter: two cases. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2019 Jun 1;13(6):12-5.
[23]. Kasat P, Bhosale Y, Muthiyan G. A cadaveric study of variations in the urological system. Int J Anat Res. 2018;6(3.3):5686-94.
[24]. Reddy, P.R., 2017. A study of congenital renal anomalies in adult cadavers. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 4(2), pp.181-4.
[25]. Ogawa A, Kitamura S, Nakayama K, Sugiyama H, Morisada N, Iijima K, Makino H. Right hypoplastic kidney. Kidney international. 2012 Nov 1;82(9):1037.

Cite this article: Manisha Nakhate, Varsha Bande, Manisha Mishra, Rajesh Kumar. Renal Hypoplasia: Case Literature Review. Int J Anat Res 2022;10(1):8269-8274. DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2021.203