IJAR.2018.196
Type of Article: Original Research
Volume 6; Issue 2.3 (June 2018)
Page No.: 5326-5331
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.196
A STUDY OF ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXTENSOR TENDONS IN THE HAND
Shivarama CH 1, Shishirkumar *2.
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
*2 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
Corresponding Author: Dr Shishirkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. E-Mail: dr.shishirkumar091010@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Background and Objective: Knowledge of normal anatomy of extensor tendons of forearm and hand, along with the variations which can occur in this arrangement of tendons is necessary for anatomists as well as orthopedic surgeons who deal with it. This knowledge is needed for anatomists for routine dissection of the cadaver for teaching, and for surgeons when they operating injured hand or diseased hand where tendon repair or reconstruction is needed. In this study we tried to document the arrangement of extensor tendons of medial four fingers of human hand.
Materials and Methods: By using 80 upper limb specimens of human cadaver, arrangement of extensor tendons to the medial four fingers are studied from origin to insertion, including middle part of the tendons to observe splitting in the tendons. The tendons studied are extensor digitorum communis (EDC) with four tendons, namely extensor digitorum communis index (EDCI), extensor digitorum communis longus (EDCL), extensor digitorum communis ring (EDCR), extensor digitorum communis small (EDCS), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon, extensor digiti minimi (EDM) tendon. The special findings are photographed; all the findings are tabulated and analyzed statistically.
Results: The important findings are, EDCI is having single tendon in all the 80 specimens (100%). EDCS is absent in 22 specimens (27.5%), 13 right and 9 left limb specimens. EIP is absent in one right side specimen (1.25%). EIP is having double tendons in 10 specimens (12.5%) and triple tendons in 1 specimen (1.25%). EDM is having double tendons in 60 specimens (75%).
Conclusion: Many variations are seen in the arrangement of extensor tendons in this study. Variations are especially seen in the tendons of EIP and EDM. EIP showed multiple tendons and it is absent in one limb, EDM also had double tendons in 75% specimens.
Key words: Extensor Digitorum Communis, Extensor Indicis Proprius, Extensor Digiti Minimi.
REFERENCES
- Mestdagh H, Bailleul P, Vilette B, Bocquet F, Depreux R. Organization of the extensor complex of the digits. AnatClin. 1985;7: 49.
- Von Schroeder HP, Botte MJ.Functional anatomy of the extensor tendons of the digits.Hand Clin. 1997;13:51-62.
- Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy, The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39th Edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, New York, 2005. Page 880.
- Sinnatamby CS. Last’s Anatomy, Regional and applied.10th Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2001 Page 71.
- Wood-Jones The Extrinsic Muscles. The Principles of Anatomy as Seen in the hand. 2nd Edition. London: Baillier, Tindall and Cox, 1946:235-42.
- Von Schroeder HP, Botte MJ, Gellman H. Anatomy of the juncturae tendinum of the hand. J Hand Surg Am 1990;1:595-602.
- Von Schroeder HP, Botte MJ. Anatomy of the extensor tendons of the fingers; Variations and multiplicity. J Hand Surg 1995;20:27-34.
- Hirai Y, Yoshida K, Yamanaka K, Inoue A, Yamaki K, Yoshizuka M. An anatomic study of the extensor tendons of the human hand. J Hand Surg Am 2001;26:1009-15.
- Prameela Dass, Latha V. Prabhu, Mangala M. Pai, VarshaNayak, Ganesh Kumar, Jiji P. Janardhanan.A comprehensive study of the extensor tendons to the medial four digits of the hand. Chang Gung Med J 2011;34:612-9.
- El-Badawi MG, Butt MM, Al-Zuhair AG, Fadel RA. Extensor tendons of the fingers; arrangement and varia-tions –ll. ClinAnat 1995;8:391-8.
- Zilber S, Oberlin C. Anatomical variations of the tendons to the fingers over the dorsum of the hand; a study of 50 hands and a review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:214-21.
- Agarwal P, Tirthani G.Cadaveric study of the long extensor tendons of the finger over the dorsum of the hand.Eur J Anat. 2011;15: 129-135.
- Godwin Y, Ellis H. Distribution of the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand. ClinAnat 1992;5:394-403.
- Tountas CP, Bergmann RA. Anatomic variations of upper extremities.Churchill Livingstone, New York. 1993. Pages117-135.
- Abu-Hijleh MF. Extensor pollicis tertius: an additional extensor muscle to the thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993;92:340-3.