A COMPARATIVE MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF ORBIT-IN NORTH INDIAN DRY SKULL

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Roli Joshi, Faculty Residential Quarter, House no 8 Second floor, Saraswati Medical College, Ashakhera Unnao, Uttarprasesh India. E-Mail: roli_joshi2005@yahoo.com Background: The bony orbit which lodges the visual apparatus is important not only for anatomists but also for ophthalmologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and forensic experts. The objectives of the Present study are to provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The study involved 215 dry skulls (83 female & 132 males) from the department of anatomy from GSVM Kanpur, KGMC Lucknow, SMC Unnao. Orbital height (OH), orbital width (OW) has been taken of both side skulls in male and female. Orbital index (OI) was calculated by OH/OW × 100= OI. All these measurements are taken by digital vernier caliper. Result: Mean orbital height in male skull was 33.8 ± 1.27, while female skull was having 31.2 ± 0.98. Orbital width was 42.64 ± 2.16 in male and 40.85 ± 2.08 was measured in female and the orbital index was 83.45 and 77.96 in male then after in female and these all values are found to be statically highly significant. While comparing the right and left sided skull the height was 32.37 ± 1.08, 30.96 ± 0.85 while breadth was 40.31 ± 2.28 and 40.28 ± 2.02 and the orbital index was 80.75 ± 5.60 and 80.67 ± 5.31 founded only orbital height have highly significant value and width and index having nonsignifacant value. Conclusion: We can conclude by our study that right orbit and male orbits have higher values In comparison to opposite side and sex having more value. Study also tells that male skull Is categorized under mesoseme and female in microseme categories of north Indian populations. It is recommended that further population based studies be carried out in different geographical locations.


INTRODUCTION
Article Information important to identity decedents.The skull is second best part of skeleton for determining sex after pelvis [1].Orbital measurements are one The orbit is very complex structure.In forensic anthropology, sex estimation is extremely of the craniofacial parameters that are used in sexual estimation for anthropological studies [2].Orbital index can be measured manually and radio logically.But direct measurement is of more natural perspective.Hence, this morphometric orbital skulls study is done by vernier calliper to determine orbital values (height and width) and orbital index in north Indian population between males and females.In particular the index varies with race, regions, within the same race of mankind and determines the shape of the face in different population groups and periods in evolution [3].In each orbital cavity, the width is usually greater than the height, the relation between the two is given by the orbital index, which varies in different races [4].
Seen in white races Microseme (Small) -Orbital index < 83 or less.

Seen in black races
The knowledge of this index will be important in various aspects such skull classification in forensic medicine, anthropological studies, and in exploring the trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
recorded in millimeter.Orbital Height (OH) was measured as the maximum distance between the superior and inferior orbital margins.Orbital Width (OW) was the distance between the midpoint in medial and lateral walls of the orbits.Measurements are shown in Figure no 1 and 2 in both male and female skull.The Orbital index (OI) was calculated as OH/OW X 100.The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed statistically, Means ± Standard Deviation and range (Min.value -Max.value of each measurement) comparison of the mean values between sides was performed using the independent't'-test, with respect to gender and side (right and left side), The results were considered significant when p value < 0.05 and was considered highly significant when p value < 0.001.
Adult skulls of unknown sex collected from Department of Anatomy from GSVM Kanpur, KGMC Lucknow, and SARASWATI medical college Unnao were examined.215 normal skulls (430 orbits), Based on the morphology, were differentiated into 132 male and 83 female.Skulls were measured using digital Vernier caliper with 0.01mm accuracy.All the measurements were

RESULTS
In male orbits the height ranges from 32.4 -41.8mmwhere as in female orbits it was 29.3 -38.6 mm. the range of breadth was 36.7 -47.3 mm in male, and in female orbit it was 35.4 -45.8 mm.While the OI of male and female was 83.75 and 77.96.It shows all these parameters were more in male as compare to female and all these values were found to be statically significant as shown in Table 1.
When the mean values of OH, OW, OI was calculated all these parameters of right side was more in comparison of left and significant value was found in orbital height, rest all values were nonsignificant can be seen in Table 2.     .17,3.701 and of left was 3.6.4,3.5, 3.9 , 4.18 and 3.502 these values were found to be non significant, while in our study the orbital height has significant value.Sayee Rajangam [12] measured the OH of right sided male and female was 3.5 and 3.2 and of left is 3.37 and 3.08 also the OW of male and female in right 4.17 and 3.72, that on left was 4.08 and 3.69 that as non significant.
Orbital height of right side is more as compare to orbital width and this was more in male as compare to female.Orbital index was also measured in Table 3. Orbital morphology of population in geographical area is considered, factor like climate and food habit play great role.After reviewing all, we can say even in India according to different region the skull is categorized differently as north Indians comes under mesoseme but south Indians as megaseme [9].
Prior knowledge of these parameters is vital to their successful application since they are different from one population to another for knowledge to determine sex in forensic medicine.
Result of present study is compared to previous study as Mekala D [6] Sanjai Sangvicichien et al [7] observed OH in male 3.62, 3.3 and in Nigerians comes under megaseme while according to our study female comes under microseme and male comes under mesoseme which correlates same as the study of Munguti Jeremiah [13] in Kenyan people.The difference observed among left and right side could be attributed to the differential growth of two side of brain.

International
Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol 6(3.1):5453-57.ISSN 2321-4287 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.233 Diagram No. 1: BAR DIAGRAM showing comparison of height breadth and index in PART A of right and left side and PART B of male and female.

Fig. 1 :
Fig. 1: Showing measurement by digital vernier caliper in mm of female skull, Breadth in A and height in B.

Fig. 2 :
Fig. 2: Showing measurements by digital vernier caliper in mm of male skull, Breadth in A and height in B.

Table 1 :
Morphometry of height, breadth and index of male and female orbit.Roli Joshi, Pankaj Singh, Archana Rani, Vinod Kumar.A COMPARATIVE MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF ORBIT-IN NORTH INDIAN DRY SKULL.
By above we might say those north Indian skulls are classified as microseme and mesoseme as OI 80.67 to 80.75.These all parameters are also described by Bar diagram 1

Table 2 :
Comparison among height, breadth and index of right and left orbit.