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    <title>ijar-current</title>
    <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
    <description>International Journal of Anatomy and Research: Current Issue Volume 3 Issue 4 December 2015</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <managingEditor>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</webMaster>
    <copyright>2015</copyright>
    <image>
      <title>ijar-current</title>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
      <url>http://www.ijmhr.org/RSS-FEED/images/ijarfeedim3.3.png</url>
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      <height>130</height>
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    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL PRESENTATION OF TENSOR FASCIA SURALIS MUSCLE IN A MALE CADAVER: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.330.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Kusum Rajendra Gandhi *1, Rajendra Namdeo Wabale 2, Mujeebudeen Samsudeen Farooqui 3.
ABSTRACT
Tensor fascia suralis muscle is an anomalous muscle located in popliteal fossa. The muscle may arise from any of the hamstring muscles and is inserted into the crural fascia or tendoclacaneus. We found tensor fascia suralis muscle in a male cadaver taking origin from medial side of tendon of biceps femoris muscle. The tendinous origin was then transformed into a well defined fusiform belly in the roof of popliteal fossa. After traversing downwards and medially the muscle again became tendinous to get inserted into deep fascia of leg. Bilateral presentation of the anomalous muscle is not yet documented in literature.
The anatomical relation of the muscle explains its great clinical importance. The tendinous origin was anteriorly related to sciatic nerve and the muscle belly to the tibial nerve. Sural nerve and short saphenous vein were in lateral relation to the muscle.  Contraction of muscle in the roof of popliteal fossa may lead to sciatic, tibial or sural nerve neuropathy.   The muscle can confuse the physician of a soft tissue mass or an aberrant vessel. Hence, the bilateral presence of tensor fascia suralis muscle is documented for further references.  
Clinical Significance: The precise knowledge of anatomy of popliteal region is mandatory for the surgeons to perform safe and uncomplicated surgery in and around popliteal fossa and also for radiologist for correct radiographic interpretations.  
KEYWORDS: Tensor Fascia Suralis Muscle, Anomalous Muscle, Neuropathy, Aberrant Vessel.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC AND CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERATOR BAND IN HUMANS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.342.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[HannahSugirthabai RajilaRajendran *1, Ashok Victor 2, Gnanasundaram Vaithianathan 3, Indumathi Sundaramurthi 4, Thotakura Balaji 5, Janani Yoganandham 6.
ABSTRACT
Background: The moderator band has the right bundle of His within the right ventricle. It also is known to prevent the over dilatation of RV.  It is important because of its involvement in RV infarcts, in differentiating RV from LV in congenital anomalies, in VPDs & VTs and in VSDs. The present literature is very much lacking in its morphometry. 
Materials and Methods: Moderator band was looked for in 50 hearts and only in this study did we find it in all the hearts.  The length, the thickness, the distance from the tricuspid valve along with the presence of any trabeculations in the septal end or in the papillary muscle end were looked for and recorded.
Results: The average length was 14.71±4.99mm, the average thickness was 4.97±1.64 mm, the average distance from the tricuspid orifice was 19.85±5.92 mm. The attachment to the anterior papillary muscle was found to be branched in 8 hearts that is having an incidence of 14%. The septal end were branched and separated as two in only two specimens. Only one specimen had branched attachments on both the apical and septal ends.
Conclusion: The distance from tricuspid valve and knowledge of branching are important in corrective surgeries of the VSDs. An awareness of length and thickness helps the clinician to differentiate moderator band from the other structures, which may result in misdiagnosis during echocardiography.  Its presence may in fact be of significance in preventing over distension of the heart in RV myocardial ischaemia.
KEY WORDS: Moderator Band, Right Ventricle, Anterior Papillary Muscle, VSD, Tricuspid Valve.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRY AND VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN VESALIUS: SIGNIFICANCE IN SURGICAL APPROACH TO MANDIBULAR NERVE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.332.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[K G Prakash *1, S Viveka 2.
ABSTRACT 
Background: Foramen Vesalius a small inconsistent foramen in the base of skull for passage of emissary vein from pterygoid plexus of veins to cavernous sinus. Variations in incidence and morphology are reported in literature. The objective of this study as to estimate its incidence in south Indian population and to evaluate the morphometric variations. 
Materials and Methods: Twenty-two dry skulls belonging to department of anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam was studied with respect to base of the skull foramens. Wherever the foramen Vesalius was noted, the specimens were photographed and incidence, laterality was noted. Maximum, minimum and perimeter were noted. Any difference between male and female skulls and differences in right and left side were studied for statistical significance. P<0.05 was considered as significant. 
Results: We found foramen Vesalius in 40.9% of 44 sides examined. Six skulls had this foramen bilaterally. Three specimens had foramen Vesalius unilaterally and six specimens had it bilaterally. Average diameter of foramen was 1.35 (±0.56) mm from extra cranial aspect. The average diameter and perimeter of foramen in males were significantly lower than females. The average distance between foramen Vesalius and foramen ovale was significantly more in females than in males. 
Conclusion: Foramen ovale is an inconsistent and asymmetrical foramen in base of skull near foramen ovale. Forty percent of the skulls studied had foramen Vesalius. There is significant difference measurements of right and left side foramens. Considering these variations in infratemporal fossa decreases complications while approaching mandibular nerve and trigeminal ganglion. 
KEY WORDS: Foramen Vesalius, base of skull, foramen ovale, emissary veins, mandibular nerve.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CADAVERIC STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN THE ORIGIN OF LATERAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.331.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Apurva Pradipkumar Darji *1, Hitesh Chauhan 2, Paras Shrimankar 3, Hardik Khatri 4, Swati Aterkar 5, C.A. Pensi 6, S. M. Patel 7.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The lateral circumflex femoral artery is a branch of the profunda femoris artery, which is the largest branch of femoral artery. The knowledge of origin and branching patterns of the lateral circumflex femoral artery is valuable for various surgeries and clinical procedures.
Objectives: To determine mode of origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery and to determine the distance of origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from the origin of profunda femoris artery and from mid-inguinal point.
Materials and Method: 130 femoral triangles were studied and various measurements were noted and analysed from the department of anatomy of various Medical colleges of Gujarat.
Result and conclusion: The lateral circumflex femoral artery originated from profunda femoris artery in 119 cases and from femoral artery in 11 cases. In most of the cases, the distance of origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from the origin of profunda femoris artery was ranging from 11 to 40 mm on both the sides.
KEY WORDS: Femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Profunda femoris artery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY IN CADAVERS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.328.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[MORoshan S *1, Nivedita Pandey 2, Varsha Bhivate 3, Rahul P Kharate 4.
Abstract
Background: Thyroid gland is one of the vital organs in neck region. It is highly vascularized and variations of the thyroid arteries are frequent and have been well documented in literature. This fact increases the significance of being cautious about thyroid gland while performing surgery in neck region.
Objective: To study the morphological anatomy of Inferior thyroid artery and to report the origin of the Inferior thyroid artery, to measure the length of the Inferior thyroid artery from its origin to its entry into the gland, to measure the distance from the midline of the neck to the entry of the Inferior thyroid artery into the thyroid gland and to trace its branches. 
Method: A total of fifty human cadavers were dissected at anatomy department dissection hall of MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra and the measurements were taken as per objective of the study.
Results: Inferior thyroid artery originated from the thyrocervical trunk in all cases on the left side. On right side in 48 out of 50 cadavers, it originated from thyrocervical trunk (96%) and in rest two cases it originated from the subclavian artery (4%).
Statistically significant variation (p<0.001) of mean length of inferior thyroid artery between the right and left side of cadaver was found, indicating mean length was more on left side. Statistically significant variation (p<0.001) of mean distance from midline to entry of inferior thyroid artery into gland between the right and left side of cadaver was found signifying mean distance from midline was more on the right when compared to the left side.
Conclusions: Variations of inferior thyroid arteries are well documented in literature. To keep morbidity to minimum, surgeons should have extensive knowledge of the topographic anatomy and its variations.
KEY WORDS: Thyroid Gland, Morphology, Inferior thyroid artery, Cadaver.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROLE OF CARICINOGENS IN ORAL CANCER: A MICRONUCLEUS STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.325.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pratheepa Sivasankari. N *1, Ms. Anjana 2,  Sundarapandian S 3.
ABSTRACT: 
Background: The three most common fatal cancers were oral, stomach, lung in men. Tobacco related cancers represented 42% in male and 18.3% in female cancer deaths. Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is the carcinogen present in tobacco leads to squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity.
Context and purpose of the study: To study the genotoxicity of tobacco and alcohol on the buccal mucosa of alchoholics, smokers and betel nut chewers which is indicated by increased Micro nuclei. 20 persons having the habit of consuming alcohol and smoking and betel nut chewing were compared with 20 controls. After getting the informed consent the material was collected and stained for MN Assay.
Results: MN frequency in alcoholic, smokers, betel nut chewers were found to be significant with the ‘P’ value of <0.05 in our study.
Conclusion: The present study has revealed that there is a correlation of significant increased frequency of micro nucleus present in users of (1) alcohol and smoking in combination (2) betel nut chewers as compared to normal counterparts, indicating strong cytogenetic damage which may lead to cancerous proliferation. Tobacco can be considered as a leading carcinogenic agent for causing DNA damage which is indicated by increased micro nucleus.
Implication: The present micro nuclear study shows a feasible and economical method which could be used as a screening test in population having the habit of alcohol and smoking or betel nut chewing for identifying the effects of genomic instabilities and to introduce timely interventional strategy in order to treat and control the epidemic.
KEY WORDS: Micronucleus, Tobacco, Alcohol, Betal Nut Chewing, Oral Carcinoma.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ONTOGENY RECAPITULATES PHYLOGENY: COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE MEDIAN AND THE MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.323.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhra Mandal *1, Moumita Saha 2, Prabir Mandal 3, Ramprasad Saha 4.
ABSTRACT
Neural variations of the brachium constitute important anatomical and clinical entity.Abnormal variations of median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve and their communicating branches have been reported very frequently by the anatomists in the past. The nerves of the extremities are particularly vulnerable to injury because of their long course and superficial distribution.
Present report describes a case of a single abnormal communication between median and musculocutaneous nerve encountered in a 55 year old Indian male cadaver during routine undergraduate dissection. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is important while planning surgery in the region of axilla or arm as these nerves are more liable to be injured during surgical procedures as well as may result in unusual entrapment neuropathies. Clinical significance of such type of variation in the light of its developmental origin has been discussed.
KEY WORDS: Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Anatomical variations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSMENT OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NECK SHAFT ANGLE AND NECK LENGTH WITH INTEREPICONDYLAR DISTANCE IN FEMUR</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.322.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ishita Ghosh 1, Gairik Sengupta 2, Pallab Basu *3, Alpana De (Bose) 4.
ABSTRACT
Background: Femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body. It transmits body weight from hip bone to tibia in standing position. Femoral neck is a constricted part connecting head with shaft at an angle of about 125°-known as angle of inclination or neck shaft angle (NSA); this facilitates the movement of hip joint enabling the limb to swing clear of pelvis. Abnormal femoral neck angle (FNA) may be associated with various clinical problems ranging from harmless in toeing gait in childhood to disabling osteoarthritis in adults. The current study attempted to find out if a co-relation exists between those parameters and other clinically measurable variables like inter-epicondylar distance or distance between greater trochanter to lateral epicondyle. This may help to predict the risk of fracture neck femur without any risk of radiation exposure and proper prophylactic measures can be undertaken (Vit-D, calcium) to decrease risk of fracture.
Results: Measurements were taken in dry femora mostly in East Indian population. Variables that were measured in 158 dry femora (85 femora from left side and 73 from the right side) are: - a) Neck shaft angle of femur, b) Neck length of femur, c) Neck circumference of femur, d) Inter-epicondylar distance of femur, e) Distance between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter of femur. No significant difference was found between the right and left sided femoral groups regarding any of the study variables. From the analysis it was revealed that no positive or negative correlation exists between the study variables. Therefore, it is not possible to predict the value of one or more of them from the magnitude of the other variable(s).  
Conclusions: Our study attempted to find out if it was possible to predict the risk of fracture neck femur by simple clinical procedure without exposing the subjects to radiation hazards associated with a radiological imaging. A screening test and subsequent prophylactic measures could have been suggested to prevent the fracture. However, at the end of the study, no suitable alternative to the radiological assessment was detected.
KEY WORDS: Neck Shaft Angle (NSA), Femoral Neck Angle (FNA), Fracture Neck Femur.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIABILITY OF ORIGIN OF OBTURATOR ARTERY AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.321.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sakthivel *, Swathi Priyadarshini.
ABSTRACT
Background: Obturator artery is a branch of anterior division of internal iliac artery. It normally runs anteroinferiorly on the lateral wall of pelvis to the upper part of the obturator foramen and leaves the pelvis by passing through the obturator canal. On its course, the artery is accompanied by the obturator nerve and vein. It supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. A severe and potentially lethal complication in pelvic injuries is arterial bleeding commonly involving the branches of the internal iliac artery, namely the lateral sacral, iliolumbar, obturator, vesical and inferior gluteal arteries. A sound knowledge of retro-pubic pelvic vascular anatomy is pivotal for successful performance of endoscopic procedures such as total extra-peritoneal inguinal hernioplasty or laparoscopic herniorraphy. 
The context and purpose of the study: This study is an attempt to analyse the origin, course, distribution of obturator artery in pelvis and their clinical implication.
Result: out of 60 formalin fixed pelvic halves 36.6% of the specimens, (26.67% in males and 10% in females) the origin of obturator artery was found to be normal from anterior division of internal iliac artery. About 63.63% from various other sources.
Conclusion: This knowledge of variation in the origin of obturator artery is important while doing pelvic and groin surgeries requiring appropriate ligation. Such aberrant origins may be a significant source for persistent bleeding in the setting of acute trauma. Knowledge regarding the variations of obturator artery is useful during surgeries of fracture and direct or indirect inguinal, femoral and obturator hernias.
KEY WORDS: Internal Iliac Artery, Obturator Artery, Superior Gluteal Artery, Iliolumbar Artery, External Lilac Artery, Inferior Epigastric Artery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WORMIAN BONES AMONG THE MALE AND FEMALE SKULLS OF  TAMIL NADU, INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.320.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[A. Mary Antony Praba *, C.Venkatramaniah.
ABSTRACT 
Background: Wormian bones, also known as intra sutural bones are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium. These are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium and, although unusual, are not rare. The number of sutural bones varies considerably because different individuals and different population have different numbers of sutural bones. They occur mostly along the sutures and meeting point of the cranial sutures. They occur most frequently in the course of the lambdoid suture. They are also occasionally seen within the sagittal and coronal sutures.	
Materials and Methods: In this present study we analyzed the occurrence of sutural bones among 50 male and female skulls in Tamil Nadu region and we compared the results along with the studies of Indian skulls.
Result and Conclusion: Based on the study we concluded that sutural bones are more among male skulls than in females among the skulls of Tamil Nadu and this is exactly the opposite of the results given in Indian population.
KEY WORDS: Bregma, Lambda, Pterion, Asterion.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FOUR HEADS OF STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.319.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sriambika K *1, Nutan Nalini Bage 2, V.K. Nim 3.
ABSTRACT
During the routine cadaveric dissection, the presence of accessory heads of Sternocleidomastoid was observed on right side. i.e., additional bellies from sternal and clavicle were observed on the right side. These additional slips were innervated by the spinal accessory nerve. These additional slips could have been formed due to unusual splitting in the mesoderm of post-sixth branchial arch during organogenesis.
The awareness of variations of sternocleidomastoid muscle is important for Anaesthetists, Plastic surgeons, Orthopaedicians and Dental surgeons while taking muscle flap in reconstructive surgeries and is also important for radiologists while interpreting MR images of this region. 
KEY WORDS: Sternocleidomastoid, Clavicular head, Sternal head.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANGIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF MYOCARDIAL BRIDGES</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.318.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sujatha. M *1, V. Subhadra Devi 2, C. S. S. Raju 3, B. Yugandhar 4, Nagaraju 5.
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: The segment of epicardial coronary artery that traverses intramurally through  the myocardium and bridged by  a bunch of cardiac muscle fibers is called tunneled artery or intramural artery. The band of cardiac muscle fibers passing over the tunneled artery segment is named as myocardial bridge.  During angiography milking effect is observed during systole due to the external pressure of muscle fibers on the tunneled artery that leads to narrowing of vessel lumen and further ischemia.
Materials & Methods: It is a prospective study performed from 2012- 2015 in cardiac centers available around Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, South India. A total number of 2015 adult patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography were evaluated to detect myocardial bridges. With the informed consent the relevant data was collected from the patients and analyzed.
Results: The prevalence of myocardial bridges was 3.17%. Among the 2015 patients 70.7% are males and 29.2% are females.  Among 64 myocardial bridge positive cases 62.5% were male and 37.5% were female patients. Regarding coronary dominance 84% were right dominant and 14.4% were left dominant and 1.6% are balanced. The percentage incidence of myocardial bridging according to dominance was 3.01% for right dominant patients, 4.12% for left dominant patients and 3.1%  for balanced dominant patients. In all the myocardial bridge positive cases they were located on the left anterior descending artery (LAD). According to diagnosis the patients with normal coronaries were 22.6%, patients with MILD CAD were 17.9%, patients with single vessel disease were 23.4%, patients with two vessel disease were 14.7% and the patients with triple vessel disease were 21.3%. The 64 myocardial bridging cases were grouped in to three groups according to their age. Incidence of double bridges was observed in 3 cases of which 66.7% males & 33.3% in females. 
Conclusion: These results show that Andhra Pradesh population are with high angiographic incidence of myocardial bridges (MB's), when compared with other population in India. We observed more lengthy bridges which may cause luminal reduction of coronary vessel and myocardial ischemia (MI), we also observed higher incidence of MB’s in male patients but systolic luminal reduction is more in female patients then in males. These observations suggest that the risk of MI will be more for the female patients with MB’s.
KEY WORDS: Angiogram, Myocardial bridge (MB), Milking effect, Left anterior descending (LAD).]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF  GRACILIS MUSCLE AND ITS VASCULAR  PEDICLES</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.316.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[M.S. Rajeshwari *¹, B.N. Roshan kumar *².
ABSTRACT:
Background: Gracilis muscle being easily accessible and functionally a weak muscle is suitable for muscle graft to replace the damaged muscle in any part of the body. The length of the muscle, vascular pedicles and limited donor site morbidity helps the surgeon to plan accordingly. The muscle receives a number of vascular pedicles ranging from one to five. The source of these pedicles varies. 
Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 36 formalin fixed lower limbs of both sexes of unknown age from the department of Anatomy, BMCRI,  Bangalore.
Results and Discussion: In 75% of limbs two vascular pedicles were seen  penetrating  the muscle at different levels and in 25% accessory pedicles were seen in the lower 2/3rd  of  the  muscle.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the first vascular pedicle to the muscle is always constant in position accompanied by its venae comitans and branch from obturator nerve and is placed at a distance of 10.5cms±2cms from the pubic tubercle.
KEY WORDS: Gracilis Muscle, Vascular Pedicle,  Muscle Transplantation, Flap Reconstruction.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE AND ITS RELATION WITH THE MAXILLARY ARTERY AND BUCCAL  NERVE AND AN ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION  BASED ON  ITS INSERTION</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.315.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[M.S.Rajeshwari *1, M.S.Pushpa ².
ABSTRACT
Background: Lateral pterygoid muscle plays an important role in the mandibular movements and dynamics of temporomandibualr joint. Anterior displacement of the disc and temporomandibular dysfunction has been related to the insertion of upper head of LPM in the TMJ disc.
Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on forty specimens from formalin fixed cadavers in the department of Anatomy , BMCRI, Bangalore.
Results and Discussion: In 72.5% of cases the upper head of LPM insert to the disc and blend with the capsule and lower head inserts to the inferior aspect of the disc, to the capsule and the condyle of mandible.
Conclusion: Though there is no clear demarcation between the heads of LPM majority of the upper fibers insert to the disc and to the capsule. 
KEY WORDS: Lateral pterygoid muscle, Articular disc, Temporomandibular joint.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF NASAL INDEX AMONG STUDENTS OF TERTIARY MEDICAL CARE INSTITUTE IN SOUTHERN INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.314.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Asharani S K *1, Tejaswi Hiremarali Lokanathan2, Rajendra R 3, Surendra M 4.
Abstract:
Background: India is an ancient country having a diverse population group of various races, ethnic groups and tribes living in different climatic conditions. Nasal index is an ethnic sensitive anthropometric index which is used to classify race and sex of an individual.
Aim: To study the Nasal index by using nasal parameters like Nasal height and Nasal width among students of South India and North India.
Materials and Method: The study was done on medical students (male and female) aged between 18-23yrs of age after obtaining the necessary consent. Nasal height and nasal width were measured with the aid of sliding caliper. On the basis of nasal height and nasal width, nasal index was calculated and the data was analyzed statistically.
Results: The present study revealed that majority of the Indian population (both South India and North India) belong to mesorrhinae type of nasal form followed by platyrrhinae and leptorrhinae.
Conclusion: The majority of the Indian population belongs to mesorrhinae type of nasal form. The particular data will be of importance in forensic science, anthropology and rhinoplasty.
KEY WORDS: Anthropometry, Nasal Index, South India, North India]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIRENOMELIA: A DETAILED FETAL AUTOPSY STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.311.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Parimala  Sirikonda *1, Nalluri  Himabindu 2. 
ABSTRACT:
Sirenomelia also known as mermaid syndrome, characterized by fused lower limbs, is a lethal and rare congenital abnormality. This is an extreme example of caudal regression syndrome caused by vascular steal of single umbilical artery. Sirenomelia is found approximately one in 100,000 live births and is usually fatal because of complications associated with pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal development of the kidneys and urinary bladder.  Most of the cases are associated with maternal diabetes and single umbilical artery. 
We report a case of sirenomelia terminated at 21weeks of gestation due to multiple congenital abnormalities. Antenatal scan of a25-year old primi revealed a single live fetus of 21 weeks gestation with severe olighydramnios, non-visualization of kidneys and bladder and lower part of the spine. This pregnancy was terminated and the specimen sent to the department of anatomy for fetal autopsy. On external examination,a tail like rudimentary single midline lower limb without foot was noted. There were no external genitalia and anal orifice. Internal examination revealed hypoplastic lungs, atrial septal and ventricular septal defects, aberrant right subclavian artery, hypoplastic abdominal aorta distal to the single umbilical artery, complete agenesis of urinary system, rectal agenesis and rudimentary indeterminate gonads. 
We would like to discuss the clinical features, etio- pathogenesis and review of literature of sirenomelia. Early diagnosis and termination of this lethal congenital anomaly results in minimizing the trauma related to the termination of pregnancy at advanced gestation.
KEY WORDS: Sirenomelia, Caudal regression syndrome, vascular steal, maternal diabetes, single umbilical artery]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECONSTRUCTION OF TOTAL LENGTH OF FEMUR FROM ITS PROXIMAL AND DISTAL FRAGMENTS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.310.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ajay M. Parmar *1, Kanan P. Shah 2, Jatin Goda 3, Brijesh Aghera 4, G. C. Agarwal 5.
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: To find out the correlation between maximum length of femur and its proximal & distal fragments. and to formulate regression equation for estimation of stature from maximum femoral length.
Materials and methods: This study consists 50 femur (27 of right side & 23 of left side). The maximum length of femur, proximal (P1,P2,P3,P4) and distal (D1,D2,D3,D4) measurements was taken with help of  osteometric board and by vernier calliper. 
Results: The correlation found in P1,P2,P3,P4, D1,D4 on right side femur and P2, P3, P4, D1, D4 on left side femur. The strongest correlation observed in the D4 on right femur and P2 of left femur. The result obtained were analysed and derived regression equation between maximum femoral length and its proximal and distal fragments.
Conclusion: The positive correlation between maximum femoral length and its proximal and distal fragments and regression equations derived in this study helpful to estimate stature in Medico-legal investigations and in Anthropometry.
KEY WORDS: Femur, Fragmentary Length of Femur, Regression Equation, Stature Estimation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTRA HEPATIC PATTERN OF PORTAL VEIN IN DOG’S LIVER: A CORROSION CAST STUDY </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.308.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shikha Sharma*1, Tejendra Singh 2, Ekramuddin 3, Bhawani Shankar Modi 4.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The variations in the intrahepatic pattern of portal vein within liver are mandatory factors while dealing with hepatic surgery. The variations in the intrahepatic portal vein branching need to be recognized when contemplating for ligation of the vessel at the porta hepatis during partial hepatectomy. 
Materials and Methods: This study was done in 50 dogs liver specimen by corrosion cast technique. 
Results and Discussion: In this study in the entire cases bifurcation pattern was found and in all the cases left branch of portal vein extended transversly to the left and turned in the caudolateral direction and divided into transverse portion and oblique portion and right divided into superior and inferior branch. In 88% cases caudate process received branch from the right portal trunk while the papillary process received branch from the left portal trunk. 
Conclusion: The knowledge of the portal vein and its intrahepatic branching is important to ensure surgical success pertaining to different surgical procedures.
KEY WORDS: Bifurcation, Hepatic Vein, Caudate Lobe, Portahepatis, Quadrate Lobe.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL MULTIPLE VARIATIONS IN THE UPPER EXTREMITY OF A HUMAN CADAVER: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.307.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Soniya A Gupta 1, Saiprasad P Bhavsar *2, Medha V Ambiye 3, Seema N Khambatta 4.
ABSTRACT:
Background: A rare case of bilateral multiple anatomical variations in the upper extremity, was found in a male cadaver, during routine dissection in the Anatomy department at TN Medical College, Mumbai.
Observation: The variations included absence of Musculocutaneous nerve of right arm and communication of Musculocutaneous nerve with median nerve in the left arm, bilateral three heads of Biceps Brachii muscle and bilateral multiple tendons of Abductor Pollicis Longus muscle in both the arms. 
Conclusion: Medical significance of an absent Musculocutaneous nerve and the presence of three heads of Biceps Brachii lies in the fact that it can cause traumatic nerve compressions or complications in anaesthetic block etc. Anatomic variations of tendons of abductor pollicis longus are significant in assessment of hand injuries and surgeons performing hand reconstructive surgery.
KEYWORDS: Abductor pollicis longus, Biceps brachii, Median nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CADAVERIC STUDY OF INCIDENCE, MORPHOLOGY, PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS MANUS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.305.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Abstract
Introduction: A rare type of variation of extensor muscles on the dorsum of hand is extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM).It is a small muscle rarely present on the dorsum of the hand which can be misinterpreted a pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand.
Aim: Aim of the present cadaveric study is to observe the incidence, anatomical morphology of EDBM and to study its phylogenetic significance.
Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 32 adult human cadaveric hands of which 24 were of male and 8 were of female cadavers.
Results: The EDBM was observed in one incidence (3.1%) of the specimens. EDBM was found to be between the tendons of extensor digitorum for index and middle fingers. It was of Anatomical variant type I.
Conclusion: The knowledge of incidence and morphology of EDBM is of greater relevance in clinical practice to rule out any pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand.
KEY WORDS: Extensor digitorum brevis manus, dorsum of hand, incidence, variations.  ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYSIS OF FIBULARIS TERTIUS IN TERMS OF FREQUENCY, MORPHOLOGY, MORPHOMETRYAND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN NORTH INDIAN CADAVERS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.304.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Poonam Verma 1,  Seema 2.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The fibularis tertius muscle has always enjoyed the distinction of being an exclusively human structure and as such it has helped to separate man from the lower animals. Myocutaneous flaps have been progressively used in surgical reconstruction in the lower limb injuries requiring the use of muscles which result in less functional damage as flaps. 
Aim: Our study is aimed to evaluate frequency, morphology, morphometry and use of the fibularis tertius muscle as flaps in lower limb injuries.
Materials and Methods: Sixty lower limbs from formalin preserved cadavers (28 male and 2 female) were dissected and evaluated for the following parameters: origin of muscle, distal insertion, nerve supply, frequency, morphology, morphometry and any variation regarding this muscle. 
Results: The fibularis tertius muscle was detected in all the cases(60 limbs).  Origin of allthe cases were found at the interosseous membrane, anterior border of the fibula, and anterior intermuscular septum. Most distal insertions were found at the medial and dorsal sides of base of the 5th metatarsal bone(98.34%). Mean value of muscle belly length was 21 cm and width was 1.9 cm. The mean length of the distal tendon with no muscle fibers up to insertion was 6 cm, and the mean width was 0.5 cm. 
Conclusions: The fibularis tertius muscle is frequent and has a distinct morphology, making it a feasible option for use as graft. Knowledge of these variations may have useful clinical applications in cases of leg or foot trauma requiring tendoplasty or tendon transfer operations.
KEY WORDS: Myocutaneous flaps, Intermuscular septum, Tendoplasty.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGY OF SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH: A STUDY ON 176 DRY SCAPULAE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.303.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pushpa N.B *1, Roshni Bajpe 2.
ABSTRACT
Back ground: Suprascapular notch (SSN)  is present along the superior border of the scapula. It is bridged by the supascapular ligament. Suprascapular nerve passes inferior to it. Suprascapular nerve entrapment frequently occurs at the suprascapular notch. A narrow notch or the ossified suprascapular ligament is the frequently encountered culprits. 
Aim: To study the morphology of suprascapular notch among 176 dry scapulae.
Materials and Method: The study was conducted on 176 adult dry human scapulae in the department of Anatomy, KIMS, Bangalore. Among 176 scapulae 88 were right sided & 88 left sided. Various shapes of scapular notches were noted & classified into 6 types based on Rengachary classification.
Results: The most common type of suprascapular notch in the study is Type II (R-24, L-37) & least common is Type VI (R-5, L-5). Suprascapular notch was absent in 8 Scapulae.
Conclusion: We could find all the 6 types of scapular notches,  most common type being type II ((34.65%) and least common type - type VI. This study is an attempt to know the various shapes of suprascapular notch.
KEY WORDS: Suprascapular notch, completely ossified, suprascapular nerve.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNILATERAL INCOMPLETE SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCH: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.302.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhankar Chakraborty 1, Subhra Mandal *2.
Abstract
The functional importance of hand is revealed by its rich vascularity contributed by superficial and deep palmar arches (SPA and DPA).Superficial palmar arch is located superficial to flexor tendons, and deep palmar arch deep to lumbrical muscles. Variations are found more often in SPA than DPA, later being more or less constant. During routine undergraduate dissection, we observed, unilateral incomplete SPA being formed by superficial palmar branches of ulnar and radial artery in the right hand of a male cadaver. These two arteries remained independent without anastomosis forming incomplete arch (SPA).The superficial branch of ulnar artery entered hand superficial to flexor retinaculum and supplied middle, ring and little finger by three branches. The superficial branch of radial artery via its two branches supplied index finger and thumb. Classical SPA formation was seen on left side.
The presence of an incomplete SPA as in this case is a potential danger in RA harvesting for CABG.Variations in SPA play a pivotal role in microvascular surgical procedures of hand, RAinterventions and arterial graft applications.
KEY WORDS: Superficial palmar arch, Deep palmar arch, lumbrical , anastomosis, retinaculum, CABG, microvascular surgery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHORISTOMAS: AN INCIDENTAL ECTOPIC LIVER: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.301.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Bassem Abou Hussein *1, Houssam Abtar 1, Ibrahim Al Shaghoury  1, Amjad Zaaroura 2, Ahmad Zaaroura 1, Mustafa Oweidat 1.
Abstract
Ectopic liver is a rare entity identified most commonly during abdominal exploration for other indications. Liver ectopia is less common than accessory liver and can be associated with multiple other congenital anomalies. We present a case of a fourty-nine year old female, who presented for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelethiases. Abdominal exploration showed an ectopic liver segment attached to gall bladder and draining through it with no other connections to the liver.
KEY WORDS: Ectopic, Liver, Choristoma, Conginital Anomalies.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CADAVERIC STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN BRANCHING PATTERN OF SPLENIC ARTERY </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.284.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[D. Naga Jyothi *1, T. V. Ramani 2, S. Saritha 3, Gayathri. P 4, B. Sadananda Rao 5, Asra Anjum 6.
ABSTRACT 
Introduction: Splenic artery was previously called as Lineal artery. Splenic artery is the largest branch of the celiac trunk and is the most tortuous artery in the body. Splenic artery mainly supplies spleen and gives off branches to the stomach and the pancreas. Splenic artery divides into terminal branches before entering into the hilum of the spleen which may be Magistral or Distributed type. Sometimes it may pass through the hilum without dividing and supplies the spleen.
Materials and methods: The study was done on 50 embalmed cadavers during routine dissection practices for undergraduates in the dissection hall of Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, and from the Department of Anatomy Osmania medical college, Hyderabad, during the period of 3years.The variations in the branching pattern of the splenic artery was observed and photographed. The prime objective of the study is to compare the prevalence of variations in the branching pattern of splenic artery.
Results and conclusion:
The variations in the present study were almost correlated with the available literature. In some instances the left gastro epiploic artery, the posterior gastric artery and the accessory left gastric artery took origin from the interior of spleen. so care should be taken during splenectomy. Hence, the arterial blood supply of spleen is so varied that no two vascular patterns are ever the same.
KEY WORDS: Splenic artery (SA), Short gastric artery (SGA), Left gastro epiploic artery (LGEA), Posterior gastric artery (PGA), Superior terminal artery (STA), Middle terminal artery (MTA), Inferior terminal artery (ITA), Superior polar artery (SPA), Inferior polar artery (IPA). ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH: REVIEW OF LITERATURE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.267.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Gargi Soni *1, Vivek Singh Malik 2, Ravindra Kumar Boddeti 3.
Abstract
The suprascapular notch which is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, medial to the coracoid process, is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament. The notch serves as a passage for suprascapular nerve to pass to supraspinous fossa.  Suprascapular nerve entrapment may be due to the variable morphology of the suprascapular notch or due to ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. Morphometric studies of suprascapular notch have been done in various populations. The aim of the present study is to review the morphometric studies of suprascapular notch, identify the most common type of notch and compare the morphometry in different populations.
KEY WORDS:  Suprascapular notch, Entrapment, Morphometry, Scapula.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APLASIA OF FRONTAL SINUS: CT STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.237.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sarita Choudhary *1, Navbir Pasricha 1, Garima Sehgal 2, Mohammed S. Siddiqui 1, Sachin Khanduri 3, Mrinal Ranjan Srivastava 4, Madhusudan Prasad 5, R S Bedi 6.
Aim: The paranasal sinuses are subject to large variety of lesions. Congenital malformations  and normal anatomic variations are important in this region To find out prevalence of frontal sinus aplasia in normal healthy population and to discuss its clinical importance. 
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis is performed on CT scans of head & neck region of patients visiting Radio-diagnosis Department of Era’s Lucknow Medical College. 
Results: Frontal sinus aplasia was observed in 6.6% of target population. 
Conclusion: It is important for surgeons to be aware of variations in sinuses that may predispose patients to increased risk of intraoperative complications and help avoid possible complications and improve success of management strategies. 
KEY WORDS: Frontal Sinus, Diploic Space, Aplasia, Meatus, Ostium, Frontal Recess, Ethmoid Infundibulum, Ethmoidal Air Cell.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF LUMBAR VERTEBRAL CANAL AT DISC LEVEL IN SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC SUBJECTS: A RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.309.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Indra Kumar, Vinay Sharma 2, Rekha Lalwani 3, C.S.Ramesh Babu 4*, Naresh Chandra 5.
ABSTRACT
Background: Spinal stenosis is defined as the narrowing of central spinal canal or its lateral recesses. Stenosis of spinal canal becomes important only when it results in interference with the normal functions of the contents of the canal. Narrowing of spinal canal seems to be a normal part of advancing age but certain uncertainties persist as regards to radiological definition of  lumbar  spinal canal stenosis. 
Material & Method: The present study was aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of stenosis of spinal canal through the most recent technique, MRI. Fifty symptomatic and 18 asymptomatic subjects were included.  Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of vertebral canal were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects and statistically analyzed
Results & Discussion: The present study clearly shows that in both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects  there is a gradual decrease in the antero-posterior diameter from above downwards . The minimum  antero-posterior  and maximum transverse diameter  was seen at L4L5 level making this level susceptible to compressive  symptomatology. Apparent stenosis was observed in some asymptomatic subjects.
Conclusion: Radiological evaluation alone is not sufficient to define lumbar spinal canal stenosis  
KEY WORDS: Lumbar canal, Radiological Study, Stenosis.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANATOMIC VARIATION OF SPHENOID SINUS IN MYSORE BASED  POPULATION: CT SCAN STUDY </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.300.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vidya CS *1, Keshav Raichurkar 2.  
Abstract 
Introduction: Sphenoid sinus is the most inaccessible paranasal sinus, enclosed within the sphenoid bone and intimately related to numerous vital neural and vascular structures.The internal structure of the sphenoidal sinus varies greatly in different skulls and on opposite sides of the same skull, and the great differences observed may be responsible for the total lack of any previous attempt to determine the arrangement and significance of the ridges and septa which are frequently found therein.
Objective : To study the sphenoid air sinus anatomy in detail in relation to its Morphology and Pneumatization.
Material and Methods: 80 macerated skulls (Males=48, Females=32) of age group 40-60 yrs are cleaned and subjected to 3D axial multislider CT scan. Axial and coronal images of slice thickness of 4mm were obtained. sphenoid sinus symmetry and pneumatisation was observed and classified. To obtain proper evaluation of the neighboring structures and their relation to the sphenoid sinus, 2-mm contiguous slice thickness will be used from anterior to posterior sphenoid sinus.
Results: The present study showed symmetry in 56 skulls( 70%) , asymmetry in 18 skulls(22.5%) and presence of transverse septa in 6 skulls (7.5%). The sellar type of pneumatisation in 68 skulls (85%), presellar type in 8(10%) and post sellar type in 4 skulls (5%).
Conclusion: This study will prove invaluable in the trans-sphenoidal approach to the pituitary as this technique needs thorough understanding of the pituitary fossa and surrounding structures.
KEY WORDS: Sphenoid sinus, CT scan, Dry skulls, Morphology, Pneumatization. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFICULTY INDEX AND DISTRACTER EFFECTIVENESS IN SINGLE BEST-ANSWER STEM TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.299.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pradip Chauhan *1, Girish Rameshbhai Chauhan 2, Bhoomika Rameshbhai Chauhan 3, Jayesh Vrajlal Vaza 4, Suresh Punjabhai Rathod 5.
ABSTRACT: 
Background: Single best-answer multiple-choice questions (MCQs) consist of a question (the stem) two or more choices from which examinees must choose the correct option (the distracters) and one correct or best response (the key).  Item analysis is the process of collecting, summarizing and using information from students’ responses to assess the quality of test items. Classical test theory for item analysis is most followed method to determine the reliability by calculating Difficulty Index (P score) and Discriminating Index (D score) and Distracter effectiveness
Aim: This Study was aimed to calculate P scoreand distracter effectiveness; to find out relationship between P score and distracter effectiveness.
Material and methods: In this Cross Sectional study 65 items responded by 120 Students of first year M.B.B.S were studied for Item Analysis. Difficulty Index, and Distracter Effectiveness were calculated for each item. Distracters were identified and classified as Functioning and Non- functioning distracter. Interrelationship between P Score, and Distracter Effectiveness was calculated and analyzed by Epinifo 7 software
Result: We found Items with two functioning distracters were more difficult than that of others followed by items with three functioning distracters. 
Conclusion: Distractors affect the item difficulty index and by the means also affects quality of the assessment.
KEY WORDS: Item Analysis, Difficulty Index, Distracter Effectiveness, Multiple Choice Question.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF PTERION IN ADULT DRY SKULLS IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.298.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Anjana.S 1, Satheesha. K.S 2, Ravi Bhaskar *3, Shakunthala. R. Pai 4.
Abstract
Introduction: The objectives of the present study were to determine the type of the pterion in the dry human skulls of Dakshina Kannada district of Southern India and to study its topography. 
Materials and Methods: The present study included 32 adult human skulls of unknown gender.  The pterions of both the right and left sides were studied. 
Results: The present study observed all the 4 types of pterion. Among them, Spheno-parietal type was higher in frequency. This type was found on right side 25 (78.1%) and left side 28 (87.5%) skulls. The distance between the centres of pterion to the midpoint of zygomatic arch (P-ZA) was 40.08±0.46 mm on the right side of the skull, whereas on left side of the skull it was 39.9±0.17 mm. Distance between the centre of pterion to the postero-lateral aspect of fronto-zygomatic suture (P-FZ) on right side of the skull was 30.37±0.44 mm and it was 29.53±0.26 mm on the left side. 
Conclusion: We believe that the present study has provided the additional information about the morphology and morphometry of pterion, which is important to the neurosurgical and radiological literature.
KEY WORDS: Morphometry, Pterion, Skull, Adults, Dakshina Karnataka, India. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PONTICULI OF THE HUMAN ATLAS VERTEBRAE AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.296.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Md. Jawed Akhtar *1, Nasreen Fatima 2, Ritu 3, Vinod Kumar 4.
ABSTRACT: 
BACKGROUND: The first cervical vertebra, atlas plays a vital role in the movement of skull & neck. The anatomy of atlas is complex due to its three dimensional structure. There is a groove on superior surface of posterior arch of atlas for passage of 3rd part of vertebral artery and first cervical spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve). Sometimes the oblique ligament of atlas which is present at the lower border of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane may ossify and convert this groove into a foramen. This foramen may be complete or incomplete, which is commonly known as ponticulus posterior or retroarticular canal. In some cases a bony bridge also extends from lateral masses of atlas to the posterior root of transverse process and form an additional foramen through which vertebral artery travels  which is known as ponticulus lateralis. The vertebral artery is prone to compression in its entire course between foramen transversarium and foramen magnum during extreme rotation movement of head & neck. This condition may be aggravated by the presence of these ponticuli & results in compromised blood flow and causes vertebrobasilar insufficiency presenting with dizziness, fainting, vertigo, transient diplopia & various neurological disturbances.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis on atlas vertebra in the population of Bihar and compare the incidence of such type of variation in atlases of various races of world.
MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study was carried out on 118 (Male-62, Female-56) dried fully ossified adult human atlas of known sex for the presence of complete or incomplete ring for vertebral artery i.e. different ponticuli on the superior surface of the atlas vertebra.
RESULTS: We observed 21.17% cases of ponticulus posterior in which  7.62% specimens had complete ring while 13.55% specimens had incomplete ring & ponticulus lateralis was reported only in 5.93% cases (unilateral: 2.54% & bilateral: 3.39%). Incidence of ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis were more common in male as compared to female. Complete ponticulus posterior was more common in right side, while incomplete ponticulus posterior as well as ponticulus lateralis were more commonly bilaterally.
CONCLUSION: As indicated by our study, ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis are not so rare anomaly in the population of Bihar. So, the detail knowledge about these variations is very helpful to the  neurophysicians, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians & otolaryngologists who faces regularly the patients complaining about the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. These informations are also important for the spine surgeons to prevent vascular complications during spinal surgeries especially in those patients who required screw placements in the lateral mass of atlas. 
KEY WORDS: Ponticulus Posterior, Ponticulus Lateralis, Arcuate Foramen, Atlas Vertebra. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL VARIATIONS IN BRANCHING OF AXILLARY ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.294.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Bikash Chandra Satapathy *¹, Abu Ubaida Siddiqui ², Soumitra Trivedi ², Dhanesh Kumar Sharma ³.
Abstract
Bilateral variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery were seen in a 78 year male cadaver during routine dissection. On the right side superior thoracic artery was a branch of second part of axillary artery. Additional pectoral branches were seen coming out of the second part on either side. Bilaterally from the second part a common trunk originated which gave rise to lateral thoracic and subscapular artery. On the left side an additional pectoral branch from the common trunk was present. From the third part on either side a muscular branch supplied the coracobrachialis muscle. On the right side from the third part of axillary artery a common trunk started and divided into anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. 
KEY WORDS: Axillary artery, Common trunk, Coracobrachialis, Clinical significance.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CROSSED RENAL ECTOPIA WITHOUT FUSION: A MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.293.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[C.S Ramesh Babu *1, Bindu Agrawal 2, Vinay Sharma 3, Arjun Kumar 4, Ravi Jain 5, O.P. Gupta 6.
ABSTRACT
Background: Congenital positional, rotational and fusion anomalies of the kidney are frequently encountered. Crossed renal ectopia is a condition in which the kidney is located on the side contralateral to its ureteral insertion into the urinary bladder. Crossed renal ectopia without fusion is a very rare anomaly sporadically reported in the literature. We have attempted to analyse such renal anomalies in a large series of patients.
Materials & Methods: Contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomographic  scans of 960 patients (491 males and 469 females, age range 4-90 years) were reviewed .
Observations: Crossed renal ectopia without fusion was detected in three patients (0.31%; 1 in 320 cases). All three patients were males and left- to-right renal ectopia was noted in two cases and right-to-left ectopia in one case, in whom the ectopic right kidney was exhibiting multicystic dysplasia. An interesting observation was vascularisation of crossed ectopic unfused left kidneys by branches arising from the right common iliac artery. 
Conclusion: Crossed renal ectopia without fusion is an extremely rare anomaly and may remain asymptomatic without being detected.  Multidetector computed tomography angiography is an excellent imaging modality to detect renal positional and rotational anomalies. To the best of our knowledge the present study is the first study to detect renal anomalies in a large series of cases.  
KEY WORDS: Renal ectopia, Renal anomalies, Renal positional anomaly.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AGE CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN FROM 3 YEARS TO 75 YEARS OF AGE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.292.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Samiappan Manimegalai *1, Jamuna Meenakshi Sundaram 2, Nandhini Venkatachalam 3.
ABSTRACT:
Background: Natural aging process is reflected by gradual changes in the structure of the skin. These changes become very marked in old age. The changes in the epidermis and dermis as age advances is reflected externally as wrinkling, dryness, loss of elasticity , thinning and tendency towards purpurae on minor injury. So the aim of this study is to measure the thickness of the epidermis. 
Materials and Methods:  The study was done in skin specimens by grouping the individuals in 4 age groups namely Group A (3-20yrs), Group B (21-50yrs), Group C (51-65yrs and Group D (>65yrs).The specimens were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and the changes in the thickness of the epidermis  was  observed. 
Results: The epidermis was found to be thin in children from 3years of age. The thickness of the epidermis starts increasing in young individuals and is thick till 50 years of age. Then the thickness of the epidermis starts reducing and becomes very thin in older persons. 
Conclusion: As the average life expectancy is increasing, the aging of skin presents a growing problem for the dermatologists. The computer system for image processing and analysis has made possible, measuring the thickness of the epidermis. Human aging is characterized by a number of disorders like epidermolysis bullosa and phemphigus vulgaris affecting the structure of the skin. So it is necessary to study the normal changes that occur in the skin as age advances which predisposes to various disorders. The study is done among Indian population.
KEY WORDS:  Thickness of the Epidermis, Human Skin, Age Changes, Dermatologists.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMINA OF ADULT FEMORA WITH ITS CORRELATION TO LENGTH OF THE BONE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.291.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Deepa Bhat.
Abstract:  
Introduction: Femur is the most richly vascularised long bone which derives its nourishment from various arteries of the lower limb. The quantum of blood supply is determined by the number and calibre of these arteries. Shaft of this bone is supplied by the vessels from perforators of the thigh which gives nutrient branches to it. Femoral shaft fractures are severe disabling injuries that demand critical evaluation as to the method of treatment. Since the success of these operations depends on a minimal interference with the blood supply of the bone, the knowledge of anatomy of the nutrient vessels is of considerable importance. 
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 adult femora available in the department of Anatomy. The study was undertaken to collect information on the variations in number, location, size of the nutrient foramina and if correlation exists between the length of femur and number of nutrient foramina. 
Results: 60% of the bones had double, 39.33% had single and only 0.67% had single nutrient foramina (NF). 52% of them were on medial lip of linea aspera followed by 41%on lateral lip and the rest scattered. 80% of NF was located on upper and middle segments of shaft and very meagre number in lower segment. No correlation was noted between number of NF and length of the bone. 
Discussion and Conclusions: The findings in the present study are compared and analyzed with previous researchers. The magnitude of care to be imparted while dealing with fractures of femoral shaft is discussed. The detailed knowledge on vascular anatomy of shaft would allow surgeon to preserve them during procedures. 
KEY WORDS: Nutrient foramina, Femur, Linea Aspera, Perforating Arteries.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXTRA HILAR BRANCHING OF RENAL ARTERIES: AN ANATOMICAL STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.290.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[N. Shakuntala Rao *1,  Krishna Kishore 2, Sujatha. K 3,  H.R.Krishna Rao 4.
ABSTRACT 
Introduction: The objective of this study was to observe the patterns of different arteries that supply the kidneys. The kidney has a segmental distribution of arteries. The kidneys are divided into five vascular segments. The arteries that arise from the aorta above or below the main renal artery and reach the hilum are called accessory renal arteries. They are persistent embryonic lateral splanchnic arteries. Accessory renal arteries may arise from the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries, near the bifurcation or from the common iliac arteries. The present study has attempted to find out accessory, and aberrant arteries to kidneys with review of literature.  
Materials and Methods: The study was done on 52 kidneys randomly selected from cadavers that were used for the purpose of teaching in the department of Anatomy at P.E.S Medical College. The kidneys were removed from the cadavers  en-block with the arteries and veins intact. The renal artery was observed for its pattern of branching. 
Observations and Discussion:  The pre-hilar branching pattern was absent only in six kidneys out of the 52 kidneys selected. The branches given before entering the hilum were either in the form of a fork pattern or a ladder pattern in the remaining 46 kidneys. The fork pattern wherein the branches arose from a single point was found in 42 kidneys. The ladder patterns were seen in two posterior segment arteries and two anterior segment arteries. The anterior division often showed the fork patterns which were either duplicate or triplicate outside the hilum more proximally, with further division into duplicate or triplicate terminal branches closer to the hilum but significantly outside. 
KEY WORDS: Polar arteries, Vascular patterns, Accessory Renal Arteries, Hilum, Segmental Arteries.   ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BODIES DO MATTER: RETHINKING ANATOMICAL PEDAGOGY, FROM THE SCALPEL TO THE MOUSE: A REVIEW </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.280.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhra Mandal *1, Amrita Gupta 2, Manjari Chatterjee 3, Prabir Mandal 4.
ABSTRACT
Anatomy and dissection have long been considered a cornerstone in medical education, irrespective of nation, racial background or medical school. By learning gross anatomy, medical students get a first “impression” about the structure of human body which is the basis for understanding pathologic and clinical problems. Anatomy teaching methodology has been revolutionized in the 2Ist century, due to time constraints, less availability of cadavers, stress on computer aided learning, scarcity of qualified teachers, changes in the demands of medical profession and neglect of vertical integration of anatomy teaching. Until recently, dissection and didactic lectures were its sole pedagogy, worldwide. But over the  last few decades, traditional anatomy teaching based on topographical structural anatomy taught in lectures and gross dissection classes has been replaced by a vivid range of study modules like problem based learning(PBL) and computer assisted learning(CAL),and curricula integration. Though the anatomy curriculum is undergoing international reformation but it lacks uniformity among institutions. The available modern international literature, describing various methodologies for teaching/learning anatomy conclude that Anatomists are constantly debating over the following questions-How much to teach, when to teach and how to teach gross anatomy. We endeavor to answer these questions and contribute to the debate on the ideal methodology for teaching /learning anatomy. Alternative strategies and resources are also discussed so that we can re establish more effective teaching /learning tools while maintaining the beneficial values of orthodox dissection .If we are not concentrating on optimum anatomy education, it will inevitably lead to incompetent anatomists and healthcare professionals, leaving patients to face unwanted consequences of medical error.
KEY WORDS: Dissection, gross anatomy, Problem based learning (PBL), Computer assisted learning (CAL), curriculum.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON SHAPES OF PTERION </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.279.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavan P. Havaldar 1, Shruthi B.N 2, Shaik Hussain Saheb *3, Henjarappa K S 4.
Abstract
Background: Pterion is defined as an H-shaped small circular area formed by the junction of four bones: frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid on norma lateralis of the skull,  Pterion junction has been used as a common extra-cranial landmark for surgeons in microsurgical and surgical approaches towards important pathologies of this region.  Pterion is an important landmark for anterior branch of middle meningeal artery, Broca’s motor speech area to the left, insula, the lateral cerebral fissure, for the pathologies of optic nerve, orbit, sphenoidal ridge and for the anterior circulation aneurysm and tumors, because of its clinical importance we focused our present study on morphology of shape of pterion.
Materials and Methods: A total of 500 pterions were examined from 250 adult dry skulls. The present study was undertaken in adult south Indian skulls from different regions of south India, from different medical colleges. We have observed different shapes of pterion like sphenoparietal frontotemporal,  stellate and epipteric.
Results: The sutural morphology of the pterion and asterion is important in surgical approaches to the cranial fossae. 250 human skulls of known gender (148 male, 102 female) were examined on both sides. Four types of pterion were observed – sphenoparietal 72.8%, frontotemporal 16.4%, stellate 8.8% and epipteric 2%. 
Conclusion: The pterion is points of sutural confluence seen in the norma lateralis of the skull. The patterns of formation exhibit population based variations. The sutural morphology of the pterion  is important in surgical approaches to the cranial fossae. These findings may helpful in surgical approaches and interventions via the pterion.
KEY WORDS: Skull, Pterion, sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate, epipteric. Neurosurgery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIATIONS OF MIDDLE SEGMENTAL ARTERY OF HUMAN KIDNEY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.278.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Gyan Prakash Mishra *1, Mirza R.U. Beg 2, Shobha Bhatnagar 3, Brijendra Singh 4.
Abstract:
Aim: To assess the arterial pattern of middle segmental artery and its relation with collecting system in the human kidneys.
Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fresh human Kidneys by corrosion cast techniques. We used different colour coded moulding granules of butyl butyrate, red for artery, blue for vein and black for collecting system of the human kidneys. 20% solution of butyl butyrate in acetone was injected into renal vessels and ureter of each kidney. Injected kidneys were kept immersed in concentrated Potassium Hydroxide solution for corrosion to obtain the endocasts. These endocasts were cleaned under the running tap water and observed macroscopically.
Results: We observed three types of variations in arterial pattern of middle segmental artery namely Middle Segmental Artery Type-1 (MSAT1), Middle Segmental Artery Type-2 (MSAT2), Middle Segmental Artery Type-3 (MSAT3) and they were seen in 29(58%), 14(28%), 6(12%) kidneys respectively. We also observed three different variations in relation between middle segmental artery and collecting system namely Middle Segmental Artery Group-1 (MSAG1), Middle Segmental Artery Group-2 (MSAG2), Middle Segmental Artery Group-3 (MSAG3) and they were seen in 32%, 24%, 42% kidneys respectively.
Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of these variations is of valuable contribution for uro-surgeon in performing more and more conservative renal surgeries which lead to preservation of healthy and functional renal parenchyma and prevent intraoperative and post-operative complications.
KEY WORDS: Kidney, Middle Segmental Artery, Collecting System, Variations, Corrosion Cast, Conservative Renal Surgeries.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPORTING OF AN ANATOMICAL VARIATION FOR ANTERIOR JUGULAR VEIN</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.276.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ahmad Tamjidipoor 1, Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi *2.
Abstract
Being acquainted with anatomical variations is a sine qua non for surgeons. Since there were a few findings about Anterior Jugular Vein (AJV) that most of them were about its aneurism than of the about its anatomical variations we intend to report one of its variations. AJV is a superficial vein in head and neck anatomy which is paired (left and right), that seems U-shaped. In this case which was a male cadaver AJV is single and only has one branch parallel to mid-line instead of being paired. There is no Jugular arch in this case.
KEY WORDS: Anterior Jugular Vein, Anatomical Variations, Case Report, Cardinal Vein, Head and Neck Anatomy.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MIDLINE NASAL ERGONOMICS OFNORTH INDIAN MALES</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.275.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Siddharth Shankar Roy *1, Abhijeet Yadav 2.
Abstract:  
In the 19th and early 20th century, nasal shape, size and nasal indices were the most commonly measurement to differentiate races. A detailed study has been carried out in a random sample of 180 males in age group 18-24 years to neglect the affect of facial parameters in subject above 18 years of age. The study is aimed to determine a set of comparative standard values of the form of the North Indian young male nose and of its relevance to forensic science and clinical anthropometry. A highly significant comparison was found in the nasal indices of two ethnic groups, in the present study. The data revealed that the M.P. male had   leptorrhin nose while U.P. male had mesorrhin nose. Various other parameters were also compared in a sample of 90 Madhya Pradesh  and 90 Uttar Pradesh males.
KEY WORDS: Nasal Index, Nasal Indices, Mesorrhin, Leptorrhin, M.P.(Madhya Pradesh), U.P.(Uttar Pradesh), Ethnic Groups.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIATIONS OF SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH IN ADULT EGYPTIAN SCAPULAE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.274.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Gamal Hamed El-Syed Hassanein *, Mohammad Bahgat Ali.  
Abstract:
Background: The suprascapular notch (SSN) lies on the superior border of scapula, close to the root of coracoid process. The suprascapular nerve passes through the notch, below superior transverse scapular ligament. The objective of the present study was to determine variations in the size and shape of SSN in adult Egyptian scapulae to provide a better diagnosis and management of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. 
Material and methods: A total of 85 dry adult unpaired scapulae of unknown age and sex were randomly selected. The shape of SSN was determined by direct inspection and the vertical and transverse diameters of the notch were measured in each specimen. The results were recorded and statistically analyzed. 
Results: In the studied scapulae, the SSN was revealed in 89.41%, absent in 8.24% and replaced by a scapular foramen in 2.35% . Three morphological types of SSN were observed; U-shaped (60.53%), V-shaped (31.58 %) and J-shaped (7.89 %). The SSN had a longest transverse diameter (type II) in 55.26% and had a longest vertical diameter (type III)  in 44.74%.  The U-shaped variety was observed in 32.61% of type II and 67.39% of type III. All of J-shaped variety (100%) were exclusively observed in type II, whereas half (50%) of the V-shape variety were observed in type II and the other half (50%) in type III
Conclusion:  The diameters and morphological type of SSN documented in the present study might be easily identified on a plain radiograph that might be helpful in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome.  Moreover, these anatomical data would improve the safety of arthroscopic nerve decompression. 
KEY WORDS: Egyptian Scapula, Suprascapular Notch, Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURE OF THE  JUGULAR FORAMEN</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.268.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shruthi B.N 1,  Pavan P. Havaldar 2,  Shaik Hussain Saheb *3.
Abstract
Background: The jugular foramen is difficult to understand and to access surgically; the difficulties in exposing this foramen are created by its deep location and the surrounding structures, such as the carotid artery anteriorly, the facial nerve laterally, the hypoglossal nerve medially and the vertebral artery inferiorly, all of which block access to the foramen and require careful management. It is difficult to conceptualize because it varies in size and shape in different crania, between the two sides the same cranium, from its intracranial to extracranial end in the same foramen and because of its complex irregular shape, its curved course, its formation by two bones and the numerous nerves and venous channels that pass through it. The present study is concentrated to study morphological features of jugular foramen.
Material and Methods: The present study was undertaken in 250(500 sides) adult south Indian skulls from different regions of south India, from different medical colleges. We have observed the size of foramen and presence of jugular fossa.
Result:  Out of 250 skulls in 20.8% of cases the right foramina were larger than the left, in 24.8% of cases the left foramina were larger than the right and in 8% cases were equal on both sides. The jugular fossa present bilaterally in 60%, on the right only in 21.6% cases, on the left only in 7.6% cases and was absent in 10.8% cases.
Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is no significance different between size of foramen in right and left side. The jugular fossa or bulb present bilaterally in majority of cases.
KEY WORDS: Jugular foramen, Jugular fossa, Compartments, Separation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNILATERAL AND COMPLETE AGENESIS OF RIGHT PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.262.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vaishali Paranjape *1, Amrita Bharti 2, Vasanti Arole 3.
Abstract:
Introduction: Pectoralis major Myocutaneous flaps (PMMC) are extensively used for Head, Neck, Face and post mastectomy mammary gland reconstructive surgeries. Pectoralis major is responsible for flexion, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint. Its absence may obvious because of compromised movement of shoulder joint or as a part Poland’s syndrome or may be sporadic as seen in our case. 
Case study: Pectoralis major muscle was completely absent on right side of an adult female cadaver. 
Result: Complete unilateral agenesis of right Pectoralis major muscle was found in an adult female cadaver during routine undergraduate dissection in the department of Anatomy. Right Mammary gland was lying directly on hypertrophied Pectoralis minor muscle. Discussion: Awareness about absence of Pectoralis major muscle is a must for planning and success of various reconstructive surgeries, flawless interpretation of Radiographs, CT and MRI scans. Unilateral and complete agenesis of Pectoralis major muscle not associated with any other anomaly visible to naked eye as seen in our case is a rare finding and hence needs to be documented.
KEY WORDS: PMMC flaps, Poland’s Syndrome, Variations of Pectoral muscles, Hyper radiotranslucent lung. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ORIGIN OF THE LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY FROM THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.203.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Moono Silitongo *1,2, Kasonde Bowa 2, Elliot B. Kafumukache 3, Krikor Erzingatsian 4.
Abstract:
Anatomical variations in the origin of the branches of the arch of the aorta are frequent. In this case report the left common carotid artery arose as a branch from the brachiocephalic artery. The left common carotid artery arose at a distance 11mm from the arch of the aorta and had an internal diameter of 9mm.
KEY WORDS: Aortic Arch, Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Variation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF ATD ANGLE, FINGER RIDGE COUNT IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.288.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Jagdish S. Chaudhari *1, Bharat J. Sarvaiya 2, S.M. Patel 3, S.V. Patel 4.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine whether the Dermatoglyphics parameters in Pulmonary tuberculosis patients (sputum smear positive cases) and normal healthy controls were differ or not.
Materials and Methods: In present study 100 cases (77 males and 23 females) of Pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum smear positive)  in the age group of 18 to 70 were collected and studied for Dermatoglyphics parameters such as ‘ATD’ angle, total and absolute finger ridge counts. These parameters of cases were compared to those of 100 unrelated healthy subjects (controls) and analyzed for statistical significance.
Results and conclusion: In present study we observed decrease ‘ATD’ angle in both hands of male and female cases as compared to controls that difference was statistically highly significant. There were no statistically significant difference observed in total finger ridge count (TFRC) and absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) of cases compared to controls. Dermatoglyphics can be used for screening tool for Pulmonary tuberculosis contacts for genetic susceptibility to disease as a cost effective, noninvasive harmless technique.
KEY WORDS: Dermatoglyphics, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Genetics, ‘ATD’ angle.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF ATD ANGLE AND FINGER RIDGE COUNT IN LEPROSY PATIENT OF BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.287.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Bharat J. Sarvaiya *1, Jagdish S. Chaudhari 2, S. M. Patel 3, S. V. Patel 4.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The ATD angle and finger ridge count, are palmar dermatoglyphics features of an individual. During the first & second trimester of pregnancy epidermal growth occur in stages and result in an increase epidermal thickness. Epidermal ridges begin to appear in embryos at 10th week and are permanently established by 17th weeks. The types of pattern develop in palm & soles are genetically determined. They are of considerable clinical interest because they affected by certain anomalies of early development including genetic disease. 
Objective: There are certain genetic (Chromosomal), Non chromosomal & metabolic disease shows particular palmer dermatoglyphics features so in this study we were trying to find out the difference in dermatoglyphics features in leprosy patient and control group. 
Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 100 cases of leprosy in age group of 18-60 year from Bhavnagar district. The finger print and palm print were taken by using ink & pad method and Compared with Control group of 18-60 years. The dermatoglyphics parameter like ATD angle, TFRC & AFRC were studied and evaluated for statistical significance. 
Results and Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference was observed in ATD angle as compared with control. There was no statistically significant difference observed in TFRC & AFRC as compared with control. The dermatoglyphics features can be useful diagnostically to differentiate the leprosy patient and control group. 
KEY WORDS: Dermatoglyphics, Leprosy, Genetic, finger ridge count, ATD angle.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA RAT MODELS ON ROTAROD: TREATED WITH WITHANOLIDE A AND THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.286.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[C. Venkatramaniah *1. A. Mary Antony Praba 2.
ABSTRACT:
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease named after George Summer Huntington who first described the disorder in 1872. Huntington’s disease is associated with basal ganglia degeneration which is called as the controlling center of extra pyramidal motor system that exerts an inhibitory effect on cerebral motor cortex. This will filters the unwanted motor movements and so refines the motor movements. Degeneration of neurons of basal ganglia reduces the inhibitory output and so leads to Huntington’s disease. At present there is no cure for this disease and trials are going on to treat symptoms, slow the progress of the disease and repairing the damages caused by disease. So there is a necessity to produce an animal model of HD by using a neurotoxin kainic acid for research purpose. By this study we produced a simple and effective rat model of HD which is more mimicking the human model of HD. We also analyzed the role of the extract of a herbal plant Withania somnifera and its active principle withanolide A in preventing the nervous system of HD rat models. 
Results: The activity of the herbal drug was analyzed by using rotarod apparatus. Both the drug group animals behaved normally in the rotarod against the lesion control animals and proved the efficacy of the drug employed. 
Conclusion: Present days treatments are mostly given to reduce the progress of HD and to treat the symptoms. Complete curation of HD is not up to the mark. But by taking these herbal drugs by daily basis we can prevent the occurrence of HD as these drugs are very good in neuroprotection.
KEY WORDS: Huntington’s disease, Extrapyramidal motor system, Cerebral motor cortex, Rotarod, Withania somnifera, Withanolide A.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIATION IN THE NUMBER AND POSITION OF NUTRIENT FORAMINA OF LONG BONES OF LOWER LIMB IN NORTH INDIANS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.285.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Seema *1, Poonam Verma 2, Anupama Mahajan 3, Deepinder Gandhi 4.
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The major blood supply of the long bones is through the nutrient arterywhich enter through the nutrient foramina leadinginto an oblique nutrient canal. The presence, number, position and distances from the various prominent landmarks on the bone have medical as well as surgical significance. The present study was done on the long bones of North Indians  to know the mean values of the number, position of nutrient foramina and distance from various landmarks on the bones and ultimately to compare with other populations. 
Materials and Methods: The present study consists of 180 long bones of lower limb (60 femora, 60 tibiae, 60 fibulae) which were taken from Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah (Amritsar), India and studied carefully for the number, position and distance of nutrient foramina in relation to length and from the proximal epiphysis of the long bones. Also the anteroposterior and lateromedial diameter of the bone at the level of nutrient foramen were studied. 
Main outcome measure: Variations in number, position and distance in relation to length and from proximal epiphysis of long bones was seen. 
Results: The nutrient foramen of femur was located on the linea aspera in 76.50% of cases(39% in interstice 9.5% on the lateral lip and  28.00% on the medial lip of the linea aspera), 18.50 %on the medial surface and 5%.on the lateral surface. Nutrient foramen of tibia was located  in 95.50% of cases under the soleal line at the average distance of 119.8 mm from intercondylar eminence to the nutrient foramen, on the soleal line in 4%and on the lateral border  in  0.50% of cases. Nutrient foramen of fibula was found on the posterior surface in 65 % of cases, in 15% on the medial surface, on the interosseous border in 10% ,on the lateral surface in 7% and on the posterior border in 3% of cases. 
Conclusion: This study will provide the ethnic data for comparison among various populations. It is also helpful in various surgical procedures and in interpretation of radiological images.
KEY WORDS: Femur, Fibula, Linea aspera, Nutrient, Tibia.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE  ON THE MYENTERIC PLEXUS  OF  RAT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.277.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[A. K. Shreevastava *1, A. Shariff 2, T. C. Nag 3, M. Srinivas 4.
ABSTRACT
Background: Humans are continuously exposed to the different types of nitrosamines found in the diet, drinking water, tobacco smoking, and work place. These are the potential source of exposure in the present population. Nitrosamines are found mainly in cured meat products, smoked preserved foods, beer, whiskey, pickled and salty preserved food materials. Nitrosamines have cytotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Nitrosamines exert toxic or mutagenic effects by promoting DNA damage, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species formation that causes increased lipid peroxidation, adduct formation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation. Increased chronic exposure of low doses of nitrosamines is unavoidable in current environmental conditions. Important nitrosamines are N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-Nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) etc. The nitrosamine explored in this study is N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), representing environmentally significant nitrosamine.    
Aim: To study the effect of postnatal exposure to N- Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) on the myenteric plexus of wistar rat.
Materials and Methods:  The present study was conducted on pups of wistar rats, (Rattus norvergicus).  Six pregnant wistar rats having same pregnancy time were taken. After delivery sixteen pups were chosen randomly. The control and the experimental groups had eight pups each. Sterile water and NDEA were given as 0.2mg/kg intraperitonea daily to the control and the experimental groups of rat pups respectively, from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 20. All the rat pups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21 to obtain the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. 
Results: A significant reduction of morphometric   parameters such as the area, the perimeter and the ferret diameter of the perikaryon of the myenteric neurons of the experimental group found .The number of the myenteric neurons per unit area of muscularis externa was also significantly reduced in the NDEA treated wistar rat pups. 
Conclusions: Chronic low-level exposure of N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) caused significant effect on the histoarchitecture of myenteric plexus of wistar rats.]
KEY WORDS: N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), Enteric Nervous System, Myenteric Plexus, NADPH-Diaphorase, Wistar Rat.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF ADULT SACRUM WITH ITS EMPHASIS ON ITS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.273.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Somesh M.S. *1, Sridevi H.B 2, Murlimanju B.V 3.
Abstract
Aim: To study the various morphometric parameters of the dry sacra of unknown sex in South Indian population in detail and to determine their demarcating points in order to increase the efficiency of sexing in the given population.
Methods:  87 dry adult human sacrum of known sex (42 males and 45 females), belonging to South Indian (Karnataka) region were obtained. Various parameters like Length (L), breadths (B), Transverse diameter of the body of the 1st sacral vertebrae (TS1) & Curved Length of Sacrum (CL) were obtained. From these parameters, Sacral Index (SI), Curvature Index (CI) and Corporo-basal Index (CBI) were calculated & from the obtained values demarking points (D.P) were calculated. The values were stastically analyzed. 
Results:  Among these parameters, the values for the Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were stastically significant
Conclusion: Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were useful parameters and by obtaining their demarking points, it helps in sexing the sacrum with greater accuracy.  
KEY WORDS:  Sacrum, Sexing, Morphometry, Sacral Index, Karnataka.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND ITS ANATOMIC VARIATIONS IN DRIED HUMAN SKULLS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.272.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shikha Sharma *1, Anil Sharma 2, Chetna Thakur 3, Bhawani Shankar Modi 4.
ABSTRACT: 
Aim: This study was to determine the distance between IOF and IOM, IOF and pyriform aperture,the presence of accessory foraminae, orientation and location in relation with teeth on both the sides. 
Materials and Methods: Fifty dried human skulls (100 sides) irrespective of age and sex were used for this study. The distance between the IOF and IOM and the distance between the IOF and pyriform aperture were measured by using manual vernier calliper. The orientation, location in relation with teeth and presence of accessory foramina were observed macroscopically. 
Observations and Discussion: Accessory foramina may give complications during anaesthetization of this region. The mean distance between the IOF and infraorbital margin was 22.6mm and 15.2mm on the left and right side respectively. Mean distance between I.O.F and pyriform aperture was 26.2mm and 25.8mm on the left and right side respectively. In 30% skulls the IOF were directed vertically downward on the right side and in 38% on the left side. In 66%  downward medially on the right side and 56% on the left side and in4% skulls medially on the right side and 6% on the left side. The majority of IOF were oriented  to second premolar teeth on the right side and between second premolar and first molar on the left side.Accessory foraminae were found in 6% of skulls. The results of our study may be helpful during surgical procedures in the maxillary region in reduction of Lefort fracture, and giving regional nerve block.
KEY WORDS: Infraorbital foramen,Infraorbital margin, Pyriform aperture, Manual vernier calliper.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ULNAR NERVE, ITS TERMINATION AND SUPERFICIAL BRANCHES IN HAND: A CADAVERIC STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.270.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[A Priyadarshini 1, Sudakshina Chakrabarti *2, Gunapriya Raghunath 3.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nerves supplying the hand are notoriously variable in their divisions and their course; do not follow any standard pattern. The palmar aspect of hand is supplied by median and ulnar nerve. The clinical importance of Guyon's canal is emphasized due to the various branching patterns of the ulnar nerve in this canal. The palmar aspect of hand is usually supplied by ulnar nerve and median nerve. Medial one and a half fingers are supplied by ulnar nerve and lateral three and a half fingers are supplied by the median nerve. The branches of ulnar nerve are notoriously variable morphologically and no standard pattern can be given regarding the course of these branches. Presence of trifurcation of ulnar nerve or communications of superficial branches to median nerve do not cause symptoms usually but becomes important during surgical and orthopaedic interventions.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 40 hands (20 left and 20 right ) of preserved adult human cadavers.The roof of the Guyon's canal was opened with care not to disturb the stuctures. The ulnar nerve observed for its terminal branches, the course of its superficial branches was observed. The point of division of superficial branch into digital branches was measured from bistyloid line. The point of origin of superficial communicating branch from superficial branch or digital branch of ulnar nerve to median nerve was observed from bistyloid line.
Observations: In 29 hands the ulnar nerve showed bifurcation, in 10 hands it trifurcated in the Guyon's canal and in 1 right hand of a male cadaver there was higher division of the ulnar nerve and trifurcation.The superficial branch was observed for its course and division from bistyloid  line. The superficial branch gave rise to 2 digital branches in 27 hands and it gave 3 branches i.e. 2 digital branches and 1 communicating branch to medialmost digital branch of median nerve  in 13 hands. The typical ramus communicans from digital branch of ulnar nerve to the medial most digital branch of median nerve was observed in 27 hands (67.5%).
Conclusion: This study attempted at exploring the superficial anatomy of ulnar nerve in hand.The branching pattern of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal is variable as there is no exact level at which the nerve terminates.The superficial communicating branch to median nerve though present in all the hands but the typical ramus communicans was  observed in 67.5% of specimens. Thus surgical procedures in hand should be planned carefully keeping in mind in advance such variations which can be encountered.  
KEY WORDS:  Ulanar Nerve, Palmar Aspect, Guyon’s Canal, Median Nerve, Trifurcation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MULTIPLE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE THYROID GLAND: REPORT OF TWO CASES</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.269.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Roopali D. Nikumbh *1, Dhiraj B. Nikumbh 2, Megha A. Doshi 3.
Abstract
The variety of multiple morphological variations in the thyroid gland is found as a result of disturbed organogenesis in humans as agenesis, hypoplasia, accessory, ectopy and hemiagenesis.

In the routine undergraduate dissection of the thyroid gland, multiple anomalies of the thyroid gland were encountered in 50 and 60 years old female and male cadaver respectively. These were in form of absent isthmus with accessory thyroid lobe in between two lateral lobes, pyramidal lobe arising from left lobe of thyroid with levator glandulae thyroidae in first case. Second case showed narrow isthmus related to first tracheal ring and levator glandulae thyroidae arising from left lobe.

In these case studies, we highlight various developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland as absent isthmus, pyramidal lobe and accessory lobe with levator glandulae thyroidae. Hence a thorough knowledge of such morphological variations of thyroid gland helps the surgeons in better planning of safe, effective and uncomplicated operative procedures in resection of thyroid and tracheotomy procedures.
KEY WORDS: Thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobe, Isthmus, Accessory thyroid lobe, Levator glandulae thyroidae, Variations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF DIAPHYSEAL DOMINANT AND SECONDARY NUTRIENT FORAMINA IN FIBULA: ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN VASCULAR BONE GRAFT SURGERY</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.266.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Agrawal Nidhi *1, Tiwari Amrish 2, Shrivastava S.K 3.
ABSTRACT
Background: The external opening of the nutrient canal, usually referred to as the nutrient foramen has a particular position in each bone. An understanding of the position and number of the nutrient foramina in fibula is important, as this is one of the most common bones used in bone grafts, vascularized bone microsurgery and mandibular reconstruction. Nowadays fibula flap is the most accepted flaps used in the mandibular reconstruction especially in the malignancy of oral and oropharyngeal regions. 
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 160 dry human fibula obtained from department of Anatomy, N.S.C.B. Medical college Jabalpur {M.P.}. We have measured the different parameters in each bone according to standard method.
Result: In our study we found that 95% bones possess single dominant nutrient foramina. According to Foraminal Index (FI), the position of most of foramina [97%] was fall in Type 2 (middle third of the fibula).  The mean foraminal index (FI) was 39.66±5.29. The average total length (TL) of fibula was 35.80±2.53.
Conclusion: To conclude that our study provides detailed data about the position and number of nutrient foramina of fibula that is considered as a determining factor for the success of new techniques for bone transplant and resection in orthopaedics. 
KEY WORDS: Fibula, Nutrient foramina, Dominant nutrient foramina, Secondary nutrient foramina, Foraminal Index (FI).]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INCIDENCE OF THIRD HEAD OF BICEPS BRACHII IN INDIAN POPULATION</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.265.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhalakshmi Wahengbam *1, Renuca Karam 2, Kalpana Thounaojam 3, Elizabeth Remei 4.
ABSTRACT
Background: The biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm. It is characteristically described as a two-headed muscle that originates proximally by a long head and a short head. The present study was carried out to find the occurrence of a third head of biceps brachii among a sample Indian population.
Materials and Methods: The arms of 35 adult cadavers were dissected and observed for variations in the origin and insertion of biceps brachii muscle bilaterally. 
Results: Among the 70 arms studied, three had 3-headed biceps brachii, 2 on the left and 1 on the right side. All the third heads were of humeral origin, which inserted into the radial tuberosity by a common tendon with the long and short heads.
Conclusion: Knowledge of the existence of the third head of biceps brachii may enhance pre-operative evaluation, facilitate surgical intervention within the arm and improve postoperative outcomes.
KEY WORDS: Biceps brachii, Scapula, Humerus, Radial tuberosity, Coracobrachialis.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCESSORY LOBE OF RIGHT LUNG: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.264.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[A.K. Manicka Vasuki 1, K.Kalyana Sundaram 2, T.K.Aleyemma Fenn 3, Deborah Joy Hebzibah 4, M. Nirmaladevi 5, M. Jamuna 6.
ABSTRACT:	
Anatomical variations of lungs in the form of Accessory lobe and abnormality in the fissures are important for the surgeons to avoid possible injuries to the neighbouring structures. We report a case of Accessory lobe of right lung between middle and lower lobe in a male cadaver which was found during routine dissection in the Anatomy department, PSG IMS & R. Fissure and lobes of left lung was normal. Anatomical knowledge of such variations are helpful for Cardiothoracic surgeons in lobectomies, surgical resections involving individual segments and for Radiologists for interpreting X – rays,CT & MRI scans.
KEY WORDS: Lung, Lobes, Accessory lobe, Anatomical Variations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS IN 1000 FOETUSES WITH CLINICAL SPECTRUM</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.3/IJAR.2015.164.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Himabindu. N *1, Asra Anjum 2, S.Saritha3, Ramani 4, D. Nagajyothi 5, P. Gayathri 6.
Abstract 
Introduction: A variety of malformations are included under the description of Neural tube defects (NTDs). These are abnormalities of the embryonic neuralization process. The congenital malformations of human structure and are of great interest to anatomists, obstetricians, pediatricians and radiologists. NTDs are among the commonest and most severe disorders, affecting 0.5-2 per 1000 established pregnancies, and are second commonest group of birth defects, after congenital heart defects. A valuable contribution of this study, the neural tube defects aimed at clinical methods and refined for the prenatal diagnosis in utero. 
Materials and Methods: This comprehensive study was undertaken to know the incidence of detail knowledge of neural tube defects in KIMS Narketpally and KAMS & RC Hyderabad, among 1000 births during the period of two years. We found seven fetuses with neural tube defects involving brain and spinal cord. A detailed study was done emphasizing on embryology and genetic and non-genetic concepts.
Results & Conclusion: The seven fetuses were stillbirths and aborted babies between 20 to 40 weeks, presented with neural tube defects (0.7%). Five fetuses were females and two fetuses were males. The spinal defects were 0.4%, cranial defects 0.2% and complete neural tube defects is 0.1%.  This review article discusses the classification, clinical research and epidemiological understanding of NTDs and correlated with the available literatures. 
KEY WORDS: Neural tube defects (NTDs), Alpha Feto Protein (AFP), Ultra Sonography (USG), Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus and anencephaly, craniorachisis.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SELECTIVE EFFECTS OF DATURA STRAMONIUM ON THE GRANULAR PARALLEL FIBRES AND PURKINJE CELLS OF THE CEREBELLUM IN WISTAR RATS</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2015 19:45:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.4/IJAR.2015.230.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science-Anatomical-Health Sciences-Anatomy </category>
      <description><![CDATA[Peter E. Ekanem *¹, Sunday Abba ¹,2, Dare S. Sunday 3, Kendi Nyaga 4.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Datura stramonium (DS) is a tropical ubiquitous shrub which is often used to increase intoxication in some beverages and is also freely used as a hallucinogen. It is a depressant of the central nervous system, yet commonly smoked in like manner tobacco. The present study investigated changes induced by intoxication with DS on the purkinje cells and parallel fibres of the cerebellum in Wistar rats to further elucidate the effects of this drug on cerebellar structure.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on both male and female Wistar rats (200-250 g). They were placed into three batches and four groups were derived from each batch, with eight animals per group. Ethanolic dried seed extract of DS was diluted in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally (I.P.) at a dose of 750mg/kg and given to the treatment groups: once in batch 1, twice in batch 2, twelve hourly and thrice in batch 3, eight hourly per day respectively for 4 weeks, while the control groups received an equivalent of normal saline. The rats were euthanized and sections of the cerebellum were histologically processed in all groups. Silver impregnation stain for degenerating axons and neurons was used to elucidate the actions of DS on purkinje cells and the parallel fibres of the cerebellum.
Results: The result of IP administration of DS extract (750 mg/kg) given three times daily to the treated rats showed significant histological changes, which included atrophy of the parallel fibres but no significant changes in the purkinje cells of the cerebellum.
Conclusions: Intoxication of DS seed as a result of excessive ingestion may have a selective degenerative effect on the parallel fibres of the granule cells of the cerebellum while the purkinje cells are spared; the implication being motor dysfunction.
KEY WORDS: Datura stramonium, Cerebellum, Purkinje cells, Parallel fibres, Atrophy, Intraperitoneal.]]></description>
    </item>
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