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    <title>ijar-current</title>
    <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
    <description>International Journal of Anatomy and Research: Current Issue Volume 3 Issue 1 March 2015</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <managingEditor>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</webMaster>
    <copyright>2015</copyright>
    <image>
      <title>ijar-current</title>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
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      <width>120</width>
      <height>130</height>
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    <item>
      <title>AN ANATOMICAL STUDY ON BLOOD SUPPLY OF URETER</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:14:22 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.136.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chintala Durga Sukumar *1, Ratna priyanka Janamala 2, V. Mahalakshmamma 3.

Introduction: The ureter receives segmental arterial supply which varies along its course. The present study attempts to determine the blood supply of ureter and to understand the variation of supply to the ureter.
Materials and methods: The ureteral vascular pattern was studied in 42 cadavers- 32 male and 10 female and also studied in 25 still born infants- 20 male and 5 female which were procured from the Department of Anatomy, Mamata medical college, khammam. Different types of injection methods were used to study the vascular pattern of ureter. 
Results: From the present study, on  statistical analysation 98% of blood supply to ureter was through Renal and uterine arteries, 92% is through superior vesicle artery, 86% is  by vaginal artery, 60% is  by internal iliac,  52% by aortic, 44% by Gonadal, 36% by inferior vesical, 34% by common iliac, 16% by artery to vas, 14% by middle rectal and 12% is by capsular arteries. In this study the longitudinal vascular pattern of ureter is found to be 83.6%. 
Conclusion: It is observed from the study of vascular supply to ureter was significantly contributed by Renal arteries, uterine arteries, superior vesicle arteries and vaginal arteries. The present study also determines that Ureter at different age periods have the same sources of blood supply indicating that age has no effect on the vascularity and observed the vascular patterns of full time foetal and adult vascular patterns are the same. It is observed that the female ureter appears to have more liberal blood supply than in the male when the size of the arteries is taken into consideration. 
KEY WORDS:  Ureter, Vascular supply, Injection methods.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY ON FACIAL ARTERY VARIATION AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION FOR FACIAL SURGERIES</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:13:55 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.134.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Md Khaleel Ahmed 1, Pradeep K. Murudkar 2, Md.Kafeel Ahmed 3.

Introduction: Accurate knowledge of the normal and variant arterial anatomy of the facial artery is important for vascular radiology and will provide an anatomical basis to assist surgeons in performing maxillo-facial surgeries successfully. 
Materials and Methods: Formalin-fixed faces of unknown sex adult cadavers  were dissected  following the Cunningham's manual of practical anatomy, volume 3. The age of the cadavers was not noted.
Results: The variations in the facial artery were grouped under three categories following the classification of Bayramet.al, 2010. Type I category – Facial artery terminated as angular artery ; Type II category – facial artery terminated as superior labial ; Type III – Facial artery terminated as inferior labial .In present study (type-II) is seen. Premasseteric branch was observed.
Discussion: Niranjan NS (1988) observed the variations of facial artery in 50 hemi-faces. According to him, facial artery terminated as angular artery in 68 % of hemi-faces, lateral nasal artery in 26% of hemi-faces, Superior labial artery in 4% of hemi-faces and 2% terminated at the alar base 12. In present study facial artery terminates as superior labial artery. A study conducted by Magden et.al (2009) , on the premasseteric branch, suggested that in 3% cases the diameter of premasseteric branch was larger than the facial artery.
Conclusion: This study shows that the variation in the branching pattern of facial artery variations, which help in avoiding the mishaps during certain surgical procedures.
KEY WORDS: Facial Artery, Inferior Labial Artery, Lateral Nasal Artery Premasseteric Branch, Superior Labial Artery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL OCCURRENCE OF THE VESTIGIAL MUSCLE PSOAS MINOR: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:13:17 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.132.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Deepa Somanath *1, Shivali Srivastava 2. 

Muscles which regress during the process of evolution are called as vestigial muscles. One of them in humans is psoas minor, which sometimes forms a part of the posterior abdominal wall. It is clinically significant in relation to sports medicine and as a differential diagnosis for certain conditions. The following article presents a case report in a 60 year old male cadaver with bilateral psoas minor.
KEY WORDS: Psoas Minor, Vestigial Muscle, Posterior Abdominal Wall, Psoas Minor Syndrome.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEMIMELIA: MYSTERY UNRAVELLED</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:12:40 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.129.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Basundhara Ghoshal 3.

Hemimelia (Greek Hemi + melos i.e Half limb) is a developmental anomaly characterized by the absence or gross shortening of lower portion of one or more of the limbs. The condition may involve either or both bones of distal arm or leg. It is designated according to which bone is absent or defective as fibular, radial, tibial or ulnar hemimelia. In this study, I have analysed the details of a series of case reports, comprising of tibial (rarest form) and fibular (commonest form) hemimelia. The cases have been managed by physical medicine experts. The subjects are managing their ADL (Activities of daily living) by means of orthoprosthesis provided to them. Though the exact etiology is unknown, probable causes are- disruptions during the critical period of embryonic limb development (i.e  4th to 7th week of IUL), vascular dysgenesis, viral infections ,trauma and environmental influences ( like smoking) and thalidomide embryopathy etc. For optimum functional result in hemimelia patients our target is – “Reconstructive surgery and prosthesis adapted to growth together with regular post operative follow up and rehabilitation.”
KEY WORDS: Hemimelia, Orthoprosthesis, ADL (Activities of daily living), embryopathy, Rehabilitation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ESTIMATION OF STATURE FROM HEAD LENGTH &amp; HEAD BREADTH IN CENTRAL INDIAN POPULATION: AN ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:12:01 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.125.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Kanchankumar P. Wankhede 1, Vaibhav P. Anjankar *2, Madhukar P. Parchand 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4, Sumit T. Patil 5.

Background: Stature is an important parameter in medico-legal examination. It happens many a times when highly decomposed or mutilated bodies or sometime only facial remains of skull are brought for medico-legal examination and this is most common in our region where victims are attacked by wild animals in deep forests which makes difficult to identify deceased.  In such medico legal examination stature estimation is important including age, sex, race, etc. Each race requires its own formula for stature estimation because racial and ethnic variations exist in population of different geographical regions.  The climate and dietary habits of the people of different regions of India are variable. Hence opinions based on the result of studies done in one population cannot be entirely applicable to other population. Considering this scenario the aim of the present study is to estimate the stature from skull anthropometry in this region. 
Aims: Present study was undertaken to determine stature from maxillo-facial anthropometry in central Indian region using head length and head breadth.
Methods: The study was conducted on 470 young and healthy subjects, 260 males and 210 females of 18 to 24 years. Two skull measurements namely head length and head breadth were taken by following standards anthropometric methods and technique. 
Results: Regression equation for stature of males using head length is 122.32 + 2.63 × HL and using head breadth is 162.63 + 0.57 × HB. The regression equation for stature in females using head length and breadth are 133.76 + 1.49 × HL and 123.9 + 2.33 × HB respectively. 
Conclusion: Regression equations are population specific and will not yield exact stature if applied to other population. Stature estimation can be possible with the help of these two parameters when only skull or remains of the skull are available for medico legal examination.
KEY WORDS: Stature, Anthropometry, Medico legal, Regression. 
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF VARIANT HEPATIC ARTERIAL ANATOMY AND ITS RELEVANCE IN CURRENT SURGICAL PRACTICE</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:11:20 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.124.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Kavitha Kamath. B.

Background: With increase in the number of laparoscopic procedures, oncologic surgical interventions and organ transplant cases, anatomy and variations of hepatic arterial system have become increasingly important. Variations in these vessels may predispose the patients to inadvertent injury during open surgical procedures or percutaneous interventions.
 Aims: The present study is intended to contribute to the pre-existing data regarding the variations in the branching pattern of hepatic artery and throw light on their clinical implications.
Methods: Extrahepatic branching pattern of hepatic arteries were studied in 40 embalmed cadavers of both sexes by dissection method. 
Results: Classical text book pattern of hepatic arterial anatomy was seen in 30(75%) cases and ten (25%) cases showed the presence of aberrant hepatic arteries. 12 aberrant hepatic arteries were seen in these ten cases, eight (20%) cases with single aberrant hepatic artery and two (5%) with combination of aberrant right and left hepatics. Aberrant right hepatic arteries were seen in four (10%) cases and all of them were replaced right hepatics arising directly from celiac trunk. Aberrant left hepatic arteries were seen in eight (20%) cases, of which six (15%) were accessory, two (5%) were replaced and all of them arose from the left gastric artery.
Conclusion: Because of high incidence of variations in branching pattern of hepatic artery it is very important to have a thorough knowledge of these variants and identify them so as to prevent iatrogenic injuries and increase rate of success of the surgical and interventional procedures in hepatobiliary region. 
KEY WORDS: Aberrant Hepatic Artery, Accessory Hepatic Artery, Replaced Hepatic Artery, Liver Transplantation, Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASYMPTOMATIC ABSENT EPIGLOTTIS: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:10:34 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.123.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vaibhav Shahi *1, Dhananjay Kumar Singh 2.

Absence or hypoplasia of the epiglottis is a rare anomaly. Most patients, with absent or hypoplastic epiglottis, have presented, life-threatening symptoms of respiratory distress and severe aspiration in infancy or early childhood. We report a case of completely asymptomatic 30 year old female with absent epiglottis posted for modified radical mastoidectomy for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).
KEY WORDS:  Hypoplasia, Absent Epiglottis, Aspiration, Respiratory distress.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL PECTORALIS MINOR MUSCLE VARIANT:  A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:09:47 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.122.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[David R Terfera *1, Anton Alder 2, Kevin R Kelliher 3.

During a routine anatomical dissection we discovered an aberrant muscle slip associated with the pectoralis minor muscle that occurred bilaterally.  The muscle slips originated from ribs five or six and inserted into the tendon of the coracobrachialis in close proximity the coracoid process of the scapula.  Fibers of the muscle slip also blended with the pectoralis minor muscle on its lateral border.   The muscle slips were innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.  Reports and documentation of anatomical variants such as this provide an important resource for both researchers and clinicians. 
KEY WORDS: Pectoralis Minor, Variant, Axilla, Coracobrachialis.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF UTERUS USING ULTRASOUND SCAN</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:09:17 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.121.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[P. Priya 1, S. Vijayalakshmi *2. 

Background: The anatomical variations of uterus particularly those concerning the body of uterus are well known in medical literature. Knowledge of these variations is important in reproductive periods of life, as well as in deciding the surgical procedures involving caesarean section delivery. However there are some exceptional variations in the body of uterus that may puzzle the obstetrician and gynaecologist dealing with gynaecological patients. Normal development of the female reproductive tract requires a complex series of events. Failure of any part of this process can result in congenital anomaly. Careful sonography and an awareness of the sonographic findings of early pregnancy in anomalous uteri should improve the detection of these anomalies. Recognition of such anomalies will also allow differentiation of those patients requiring repeat dilatation and curettage from those requiring laparotomy, as in the presence of a blind uterine horn or ectopic gestation. 3D ultrasonography permits the obtaining of planar reformatted sections through the uterus, which allow precise evaluation of fundal indentation & length of the septum. Aim This study was undertaken to assess the morphology of uterus and evaluate the anomalies.
Materials: 1500 subjects within the age of 15-45 were assessed using ultrasound   scan   and   the   anomalies   were   analyzed. 
Results: 5-7% cases involving the variations of morphology of the uterus were reported in this study, that 3DUS has recently  become the only mandatory step in the initial investigation. 
Conclusion: With timely and accurate diagnosis, appropriate management is likely to provide the best possible outcome for all such patients.
KEY WORDS: Mullerian duct, Arcuate uterus, Bicornuate uterus,3D ultrasonogram, Miscarriage.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE SELLA TURCICA; GENDER EFFECT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:08:39 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.118.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ashraf Mohamed Elsayed Ali SAKRAN *1, Mohammad Afzal KHAN 2, Faris Mohammed Nour ALTAF 3, Hassan Elsiddig Hassan FARAGALLA 4, Amal Yousif Ahmed Elhaj MUSTAFA 5,  Muhammad Mazhar HIJAZI 6, Rayan  Abdulshakur  NIYAZI 7, Abrar Jamal TAWAKUL 8, Abeer Zubair MALEBARI 9, Amal AbdulAziz SALEM 10.

Background and objective: Precise anatomical knowledge of the sella turcica is important for neurologists and surgeons operating in the region of cavernous sinus or the surrounding structures. The current study was undertaken to record normal morphometric parameters for future reference and to determine if there is any significance difference in the sella turcica morphometry regarding the gender.
Methodology: A Morphometric analysis of the Sella Turcica and structures in vicinity were done in thirty six adults’ formalin fixed cadaver's skulls (22 male and 14 female). 
Results: The pituitary stalk positions were middle in majority of male cases (72.7%), the remaining 27.3% were posterior. Among female; 57.1% were middle and the remaining 42.9% were posterior, no anterior position was detected among both genders with no different between male and female (p = 0.494) Normal Optic chiasma position was detected in all female cases and in 63.6% of male cases with no significant differences regarding gender (p= 0.070).
No significant different in diaphragma sella shape and opening regarding gender (p.value = 0.170 and 0.914 respectively) No significant difference between males and females concerning linear dimensions of sella turcica (length, depth and Anteroposterior diameters).  Concerning diaphragma sella opening; no significant different regarding gender in transverse diameter (p.value= 0.316) while significant different was detected in anteroposterior diameter (p.value= 0.046) For interclinoid (anterior, posterior) diameters, which represented statistically significant different regarding gender in both right and left sides (p.value = 0.004 and 0.001 respectively).
Conclusion: The current study will provide normal morphometric data for future reference and further studies. 
KEY WORDS: Sella turcica, Morphometry, Gender.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INCAPABILITY OF FORMALIN BASED FIXATIVE TO KILLED MAGGOT IN MUTILATED HUMAN CARRION</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:08:07 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.117.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Oladele, A.A. *1, Sanya, J.O. 2, Raji, M.O 3, Ekundina, V.O 3.

Background: Embalming is a process used to temporarily preserve a human cadaver to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at funerals; thus, are agents that prevent autolysis and putrefaction. The outbreak of maggots from a heap of inadequately embalmed bodies due to deep cuts and bodies involved in inferno, necessitated the need to re-investigate the efficacy of formalin based embalming fluid and its inability to kill maggots. 
Methodology: Various strength of Formaldehyde, Xylene, Kerosene, and, Lime fluid, Isopropanol, Gamalin 20, Potassium ferrocyanide, and Physiological saline as control were used in the investigation. In the present investigation,  Two  maggots under  the same atmospheric condition were put in each of the  ten selected chemical reagents/solutions, including  Lime, Kerosene, and the Gamalin 20 that are naturally available were initially dispensed into ten  glass universal  containers. Maggot movements in each reagent solution were critically observed.
Result:  Maggots death occurred within the first ten minutes in test number three groups III that contains Concentrated Formalin and Xylene and Maggots died after fifteen minute of the experiment, but maggots did not died until about eight hours after the test in two of the experiment.
Discussion: Results of this investigation showed clearly that Maggots were not killed as soon as expected by the embalmer when ordinary ten percent alcoholic formalin embalming fluid is used. Equal volume of concentrated formalin plus Xylene was found out to be effective at killing maggot instantly.
Conclusion: It is therefore advisable to use Xylene plus Conc. Formalin when preserving cadaver infested with Maggot and this could at the same time prevent the occurrence of Maggots Infestation and better preservation of mass of burnt mutilated corpses in our Mortuary. 
KEY WORDS: Embalming, Fixatives, Maggot, Human Carrion, Xylene.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF UNCINATE PROCESS OF ETHMOID BONE</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:07:26 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.114.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[N. Vinay Kumar *1, E. Kamala 2, T. S. Guga Priya 3, S. D. NalinaKumari 4. 

Background: The uncinate process is an important landmark in the anatomy of osteo-meatal complex of frontal recess which also plays a vital role in the ventilation of middle meatus and sinuses. Its superior attachment shows great anatomic variability. The aim of this study was to observe and classify superior attachment and presence of pneumatisation in uncinate process. 
Materials and methods: Computed tomographic images of paranasal region from 100 patients were studied retrospectively. In 100 patients, 54 belonged to male and 46 female and were in the age group of 11 to 75 years with an average of 32.7 years. The superior attachment of uncinate process was observed and tabulated according to Landsberg and Friedman classification and pneumatisation of uncinate process was also noted. The results were analysed statistically.
Results: The superior attachment of uncinate process was observed in 200 sides out of 100 patients and its attachment to the agger nasi cells (type - 2) was found in 36% while its attachment to lamina papyracea (type – 1) and to middle turbinate (type – 6) were found in 19% and 20% respectively. Uncinate process ending at the junction of middle turbinate with cribriform plate (type – 4), at the ethmoid skull base (type – 5), bifurcating towards lamina papyracea and junction of middle turbinate with cribriform plate (type – 3) were seen in 2%, 8% and 5% respectively. In 11%, the superior end showed no attachment to surrounding structures. The uncinate process was pneumatised in 34 of 200 sides (17%), among which 45.5% was unilateral and 54.5% bilateral.
Conclusion: Preoperatively evaluating variations of uncinate process and its pneumatisation helps to avoid intraoperative damage to surrounding structures. The detailed knowledge of extent of uncinate process may also help to deduce the reason for refractory chronic sinusitis.
KEY WORDS: Uncinate process, Osteomeatal complex, Pneumatisation, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Paranasal sinuses.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNILATERAL HIGH DIVISION OF SCIATIC NERVE AND ITS RELATION TO BIFID PIRIFORMIS</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:06:41 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.113.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rashmi C. Goshi

Background: The sciatic Nerve can rarely be separated into tibial and common fibular Nerve within the Pelvis. In such cases the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve leave the pelvis through different routes.
Materials and Method: The variation found during routine dissection  for MBBS students in a 30 yr old male cadaver in the department of Anatomy, JJM Medical college Davangere, Karnataka, India.
Result: The variation is High division of sciatic Nerve unilaterally on right side in 30yrs old male cadaver. Common peroneal Nerve is found passing between the two divisions of bifid piriformis while tibial Nerve passed below the inferior piriformis
Conclusion: Knowledge of this variation is important clinically in  sciatic nerve entrapment resulting in non-discogenic sciatica and also requires reviewing of the piriformis syndrome
KEY WORDS: Tibial Nerve, Common Peroneal Nerve, Sciatica, Periformis syndrome.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF ADULT HUMAN CRICOID CARTILAGE: A CADAVERIC STUDY IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:05:46 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.109.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rajan Kumar Singla 1, Ravdeep Kaur *2, Vijay Laxmi 3.

Introduction: Out of different cartilages of larynx, cricoid is the strongest cartilage. It is the only cartilage which extends completely around the air passage. It is smaller but stronger and thicker than the thyroid cartilage. Though a lot of work has been done on thyroid cartilage it is not so for cricoid cartilage. This give us a impetus to design this study. 
Material and method: The material for present study comprised of 30 adult (M:F::25:5) apparently normal cadaveric larynges, obtained from the Anatomy Department of Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. Different morphometric diameters of the cricoid cartilage were measured with help of vernier caliper with least count 0.01 mm and these were noted on a predesigned proforma. All the data thus obtained was tabulated, analysed, scrutinized and compared with the earlier studies available in the literature. An attempt has been done to provide a base line data for this region.
Result and Conclusion:  Cricoid cartilage was oval in shape in all the specimens. Outer and inner transverse diameters and outer and inner anteroposterior diameters of cricoid cartilage were larger in males as compared to females. As we compare both diameters in males and females, outer transverse diameter was found to be larger than outer anteroposterior diameter, while inner anteroposterior diameter was larger than inner transverse diameter. Height and thickness of cricoid arch and lamina were observed to be larger in males as compared to females.
KEY WORDS: Cricoid cartilage, Larynx, Thyroid cartilage.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF ANTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS ARTERY </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:05:04 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.108.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Banani Kundu *1, Abhijit Biswas 2, Phalguni Srimani 3, Alpana De 4.

Background: The  Brachial  Artery ,usually  a  continuation  of  the  axillary  artery  begins  at  the  distal  border  of  teres  major  and  ends  about  a  centimetre  distal  to  the  elbow  joint  by  dividing  into  the  radial  and  ulnar artery.
Objectives: a. To  document  the  origin  of  anterior  interosseous  artery  from  brachial  artery. B. To  establish  embryological  and  clinico-anatomical  correlation  of  such  variations.
Methods: These  findings  were  observed  after  meticulous  dissection  of  the  upper  limbs  of  both  sides  of  a  43  year  old  adult  male  cadaver  in  the  department  of  anatomy ,R .G .Kar  Medical  College ,Kolkata.
Results: The  brachial  artery  present  in  the  right  limb  gave  a  branch  in  the  upper  1/3  of  the  arm  from  its  lateral  aspect. This  branch  of  brachial  artery  went  downwards  and  became  deep  to  pronator  teres  and  continued  as  the  anterior  interosseous  artery. The  brachial  artery  itself  descended  and  remained  superficial  to  pronator  teres. Just  below  the  elbow  joint  it  underwent  bifurcation  into  radial  and  ulnar  artery.The  subsequent  course  of  those  two  arteries  was  normal. And  there  was  absence  of  common  interosseous  artery. So  the  anterior  interosseous  artery  instead  of  arising  from  the  common  interosseous  artery  which  was  the  branch  of  the  ulnar  artery  took  origin  from  brachial  artery.
Conclusion: This  variation  was  explained  in  the  light  of  embryological  development  and  such  variations  were  useful  for  physicians, surgeons, nephrologists ,radiologists  and  interventionist  in  various  surgical  procedures  and  also  for  diagnostic  and  therapeutic  approaches.
KEY  WORDS: Brachial  artery, Radial  artery, Ulnar  artery, Anterior  Interosseous  artery.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF MENTAL FORAMEN IN DRY HUMAN MANDIBLE IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:03:26 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.106.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rakesh Kumar Shukla 1, Prerna Gupta *2,   Muktyaz Hussein 3, Fida Hussain 4, Abhishek Bahadur Singh 5.

Background: The mental foramen is one of the two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals.
Methods: The present study was carried out  in the department of anatomy on 70 Adult North Indian dry Mandibles of unknown age and sex which were obtained from the osteology section of Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & King George medical university. The Mandibles were observed macroscopically for the presence of mental foramen.
Results: In our study we observed that the oval shape of mental foramen was 87.1% on right side and 88.6% on left side. Round mental foramen was observed to be 12.9% on the right side   and 11.4% on left side. The Position of Mental foramen in relation to borders left side were found Central (87.1%), upper border (7.1%), lower side (5.7%) and right side Central (85.7%) , upper border (10%) and lower side (4.3%). 
Conclusions: Knowledge of the mental foramen and it’s variation in different population is essential for dentists, orthopedicians and anatomists. A future prospect of interest lies in their possible contribution to the maxillofacial anthropologic characteristic identification for different population and races.
KEY WORDS: Mental foramen, Morphometric, Measurement, Human Mandible.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIATION IN THE SHAPE OF CORONOID PROCESS IN DRY MANDIBLE OF MAHARASHTRA POPULATION</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:02:43 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.116.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sheela D. Kadam 1 , Priya P Roy *2, Ambali M.P 3, Doshi M A 4.                

Background: Knowledge about the morphological shapes of the coronoid process is useful for the maxillofacial surgeon. The Coronoid process can be easily harvested as a donor bone. It is also helpful in determining buccal vestibule during denture fabrication. 
Aim of the study: To find out the variation in shape of coronoid process and the intercoronoid distance in dry mandible of Maharashtra region.      
Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty seven (male 84 and female 73) dry mandible of  Maharashtra region were studied for variations of shape in coronoid process of both sides and the intercoronoid distance .
Results: Triangular shape coronoid process was found in 204 (64.97%), Hook shape in 66 (21.02%) sides. and rounded in 44 (14.01%) sides of mandible. Mean intercoronoid distance among males was found to be 9.2000 and 9.100 in females.                                                                                
Conclusions: It was found that most common shape of coronoid process found in our study was triangular. Mandible with hook shape coronoid process was almost equal in male and female mandible while triangular shape was slightly more in the male .
KEY WORDS: Coronoid Process, Intercoronoid distance, Dentistry.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS ON GROSS MORPHOLOGY OF PLACENTA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:01:59 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.111.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pankaj Saini *1, Jai Prakash Pankaj 2, Anjali Jain 3, Gyan Chand Agarwal 4.

Background: The fetus, placenta and mother constitute a triad of contributors to pregnancy outcome. When pregnancy is complicated by a medical problem like, diabetes mellitus which affects maternal health, architecture and functions of the placenta may even jeopardize the fetal normalcy. The placenta being the bridge between maternal and fetal activities, considered as a window through which maternal dysfunctions and their impacts on fetal well being can be understood. 
Aim: The aim was to study gross morphology of placentae of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and to compare the results with normal pregnancies. 
Methods: It was an observational study. After due approval from institutional ethics committee, 40 placentae from pregnant women clinically diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and 40 placentae from uncomplicated normal pregnant women were collected from labour room and operation theatre of department of obstetrics and gynaecology of government medical college hospital in Jaipur (Rajasthan). Confirmed gestational diabetic cases were selected purposively while controls were taken sequentially. Gross morphological features of each placenta were recorded. The statistical methods used were unpaired ‘t’ test and chi square test. 
Results: The results showed that weight, diameter, surface area, central thickness and number of cotyledons of placentae from diabetic mothers were significantly more than placentae from normal uncomplicated pregnancies, while no significant differences were observed in shape and site of umbilical cord insertion. 
Conclusion: The gross morphology of placentae with gestational diabetes mellitus significantly differs from normal pregnancies which may be associated with alteration in physiological functioning of placenta and ultimately fetal outcome.
KEY WORDS: Gestational diabetes mellitus, morphology, placenta, pregnancy.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSOCIATION OF HAND LENGTH WITH HEIGHT IN  MEDICAL  STUDENTS ENROLLED IN SKIMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:01:18 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.110.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sajad Hamid *1,  Arsalaan F. Rashid 2, Qazi Najeeb 3, Shahnawaz Hamid 4, Arif Makdoomi 5.

Introduction: Stature is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. So, Stature reconstruction is important as it provides forensic anthropological estimation of the height of a person in the living state which plays a vital role in the identification of individual remains.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of hand length with height and to show if height could be predicted using hand length measurements in  students of SKIMS Medical college.
Methodology: The study of the anthropometric characteristics of 100  Medical College students of ages between 18-23 years of SKIMS Medical college, bemina with no obvious  deformities or previous history of trauma to the spine or  hand was undertaken. The study of these medical students, males (n=50) & females (n=50) was investigated. The anthropometric characteristics of their height and hand length were measured, analysed statistically for any significant difference, and correlation between the parameters studied.
Results: The results show some significant differences between the anthropometric parameters Pearson’s correlation analysis was used  and showed  a strong positive correlation, which means that high X variable scores go with high Y variable scores.(R is 0.8229) and significant. Results from the present study show that there was a positive correlation between height and hand length indicating that height could be predicted using hand length. 
Conclusion: As age groups increase the mean length of hand also increase, so there is direct relation between length of hand and age groups. Definite proportion also exists between the height and hand length in an individual at all ages, irrespective of the sex. Height of an individual is 9 times the height of hand length.Thus we can predict height from hand length when it is difficult or not possible to measure height directly.
KEY WORDS: Height, Hand Length, Anthropometry, Medical College.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BRITTLE BONES, UNBREAKABLE SPIRIT: OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA: A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 15:00:20 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.107.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Panchanan Kundu 3.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI, Fragilitis Ossium or Brittle bone disease) is a group of rare inherited disorders with a broad spectrum of clinical and genetic variability. It is characterized by fragile bones that are prone to fracture often from mild trauma or with no apparent cause. People with OI are born with defective connective tissue or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type1 collagen. Incidence of OI is estimated to be one per twenty thousand live births. Eight types of OI can be distinguished. Most cases are caused by mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. We have reported a special case of OI, probably belonging to Type III group. The subject visited the PMR (Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation) OPD of Bankura Sammilani medical college (BSMC), Bankura ,West Bengal, India.. The details of etiology, diagnosis, genetic causes and treatment will be discussed in the study. Diagnosis of  OI is based on clinical features and may be confirmed by collagen or DNA testing. There is no cure for OI. Our management is aimed at increasing over all bone strength to prevent fracture and maintain mobility. Nevertheless, life style modifications by adaptive equipments, oral drugs (Bisphosphonates) and Intramedullary rod insertions, provide a significant degree of autonomy to OI patients.
KEY WORDS: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), Collagen, Mutations, Bisphosphonates, Intramedullary rod insertions.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF PROFUNDA FEMORIS ARTERY OF HUMAN CADAVERS IN RAJKOT CITY, INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:59:32 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.105.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pradip R. Chauhan *1, Monika A. Adhvaryu 2,  Ashish J. Rathwa 3, Alpa P. Chauhan 4,  Sanjay Chavda 5, Suresh P. Rathod 6.

Background: The profunda femoris artery is the major branch of the femoral artery. It is at critical place in relation to femoral artery for various interventions.
Aim: To study the origin of profunda femoris artery. And to compare the cross sectional area of profunda femoris artery between right and left limbs.
Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 human femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human cadavers in P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot were dissected and studied during regular dissection classes. Site of origin of profunda femoris artery was noted in relation to femoral artery. The distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal point was measured and noted. Circumference of profunda femoris artery at the level of origin was measured. The cross sectional area was calculated. Collected data was analyzed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi info TM 7 software.
Result: Most common (52.95% cases) site of origin was posterolateral from femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal ligament was 30.17 mm. There was no significant difference in cross sectional area of right and left profunda femoris artery (at 95% confidence interval)
Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery is used for angiography, ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization also. It is the major blood supply of the thigh. Its relations with femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral nerve makes it important structure for clinicians. Variations in origin of profunda femoris artery must be considered to avoid complication like aneurism and faulty passage of the catheter. High origin of profunda femoris artery is more prone to damage while accessing femoral artery.
KEY WORDS: Profunda femoris Artery, Femoral artery, Midpoint of inguinal ligament, circumference, cross sectional area.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL STUDENTS TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL BONES AND POP MODELS OF VISCERA</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:58:46 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.104.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sumit Tulshidas Patil *, Nazia Quadir, Rashmi Deopujari, Vivekanand Gajbhiye.

Background: In learning of anatomy, bones and viscera are very important. Now days, artificial bones are replacing the original bones for study purpose due to unavailability. Original viscera are available for students only at dissection hours. So we have tried to find out perception of medical students towards artificial bones and POP models of viscera.
Materials and Methods: We had prepared a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions, 10 related to bones and 10 related to the POP models of viscera and asked 150 students of 1st year MBBS to answer it.
Results: All the 150 students agreed that bones are necessary for study but only 36 students have bone set (14 original & 22 artificial). Maximum students get the bones only when made available from department. While 107 (71%) students said they would prefer original specimen of viscera, over POP models, for studying; but still 126 (84%) wanted to keep the POP models of viscera while studying its relations from text book.
Conclusions: Good quality artificial bones should be promoted for students, if original bones are not available. It will be better than having nothing. POP models of viscera cannot replace original viscera but due to its handy quality will be helpful for understanding.
KEYWORDS: POP Models, Artificial Bones, Medical students.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CADAVERIC STUDY ON ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLES OF TRICUSPID VALVE</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:58:02 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.103.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Harsha B. R *1, Chandrashekar K.T 2.

Background: Aim of the present study was to observe the morphology, measurements and types of papillary muscles present in tricuspid valve of human heart. Morphology, measurements and attachments of papillary muscles in tricuspid valve gains utmost importance in cardiac surgeries and causes of myocardial infarction in recent times because advent in modern technologies in treatment of tricuspid valve diseases. 
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 96 normal fresh formalin fixed human post-mortem heart specimens. Hearts are not grouped into any criteria of sex and age. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Types of papillary muscles observed and length, width and thickness of each muscle are measured and documented. 
Results: In the present study, number of papillary muscles was present with a frequency of 2-10. Maximum numbers of papillary muscles were 10 seen in only one heart (1%) and minimum numbers of papillary muscles were 2 seen in 3 hearts (3.1%). Anterior papillary muscles were present in all 96 (100%) hearts. Maximum numbers of muscles observed were 3 seen in 6 hearts (6.3%) and minimum number muscle was 1 seen in 66 (68.8%) hearts, which was normal. Two papillary muscles were seen in remaining 24 hearts (25%). Posterior papillary muscles were present in 95 (98.95%) hearts. Seven papillary muscles were observed in only 1 (1%) heart and only 1 papillary muscle was seen in 27 (28.1%) hearts. In measurements of papillary muscles, anterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.49±0.44 cm; mean width was 0.82±0.21 cm and mean thickness was 0.64±0.15 cm respectively and posterior papillary muscle mean height was 1.05±0.37 cm, mean width was 0.63±0.17 cm and mean thickness was 0.5±0.11 cm respectively. 
Conclusion: We hope this study will serve to understand the tricuspid valve complex and morphometry of different papillary muscles better and it will help in various surgical procedures and cardiac treatment done on tricuspid valve.
KEYWORDS: Tricuspid valve, Papillary muscle, Morphometry.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANOMALOUS LEFT VERTEBRAL ARTERY FROM ARCH OF AORTA: A THOUGHT FOR SURGEONS?</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:57:19 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.102.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Deepa Somanath *1, Shivali Srivastava 2. 

Arterial variations in the branching pattern of arch of aorta are uncommon and may occur as a result of developmental changes in the fusion and absorption of various pharyngeal arch arteries into the aortic sac.  The present case report describes a finding in a male cadaver aged between 60- 65 years about the origin of left vertebral artery directly from the arch of aorta. Such variations should be kept in mind during surgical procedures in the superior mediastinum.
KEYWORDS: Left vertebral artery, Arch of aorta, Arch artery, Anomaly.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SICKLE CHILDREN VS NORMAL CHILDREN: A TRANSCRANIAL AND EXTRACRANIAL DOPPLER STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:56:46 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.547.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[R P Singhal *1, Honey Bansal 2, Monica Jain 3, Bhushan Lakhar 4, Satish Jain 5.

A prospective hospital based study was carried out to evaluate the role of transcranial Doppler in sickle cell anemia for period of 2 yrs (July 2009- August 2011). A total of 100 children, 50 normal individuals in control group and 50 diagnosed sickle cell disease patients in sickle group were evaluated in the age group .Children were from Newborn to15 years of age, of which 62% were males and 38% were females. Common Carotid Artery (CCA), External Carotid Artery (ECA), Internal Carotid Artery (ICA), Vertebral Artery, Middle Carotid Artery (MCA), Anterior Carotid Artery (ACA), Posterior Carotid Artery (PCA) was evaluated by Transcranial and Extracranial Doppler on both sides in sickle cell patient. The mean velocities in all the vessels were higher in sickle group patient as compared to normal group patients. Evaluation of Extracranial carotid vessels has not been done in previous published studies. Our study can act as benchmark in extracranial Doppler studies of sickle cell patients. We have not followed the patients of sickle cell disease till stroke, but we can say with certainty that increased values of velocity >200 cm/sec is an absolute indication for blood transfusion to prevent stroke, which was observed in 10% of sickle cell patient in our study where velocities reduced by 20-25 cm/sec after blood transfusion.
KEYWORDS: Extracranial, Intracranial, Doppler, Sickle cell, Anaemia, Transcranial.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF SACRAL HIATUS IN DRY HUMAN SACRA IN NEPAL, PARSA REGION</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:55:33 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.527.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Malarvani T *1, Ganesh E 1, Nirmala P 2.

Introduction: The sacrum is a large triangular bone, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. The opening at the caudal end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. It is formed due to the failure of fusion of laminae of the fifth (occasionally fourth) sacral vertebra. Sacrum is one of the bones which exhibit variations and the variation of sacral hiatus is of great clinical significance because it may also leads to mechanical low back pain. Previous works on the morphometrical study on the sacral hiatus is limited, especially in Nepal, Parsa population. The present study was undertaken to help in filling this gap at least to a certain extent and also made an attempt to find out the variations of sacrum. 
Materials: One hundred dry human sacra were collected from the Department of Anatomy of National medical college & Teaching Hospital, Nepal. 
Methods & Observations: The morphometrical studies were done, and the parameters (Shape, length, Transverse width & Antero-posterior width of sacral hiatus and level of apex & base of sacral hiatus) were measured with the help of divider, the observations were recorded, tabulated & analyzed.
Result: The study showed a significant co-relation between anatomical variations of sacral hiatus with the previous studies. 
KEYWORDS: Sacral hiatus, Epidural anaesthesia, Caudal analgesia, Sacral canal.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEDICAL MYSTERY: ECTRODACTYLY A CASE REPORT</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:54:38 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2015.101.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Subhra Mandal *1, Prabir Mandal 2, Panchanan Kundu 3. 

Congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes is defined as Ectrodactyly. It is the word derived from Greek ektroma meaning “abortion” and dactyly meaning digits. Also called split hand or foot malformation (SHFM), Ectrodactyly is a rare limb malformation with median cleft of hand and foot and aplasia or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals. Irregular pattern of inheritance exists for ectrodactyly; may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X linked. In this condition, the median cleft of the hand gives the hand, the appearance of lobster claws- so also called ‘Lobster Claw Hand”. Ectrodactyly may be very commonly associated with other anomalies of face, eyes and skeletal system. We report a rare case of unilateral ectrodactyly of right hand .The present case is not associated with any other anomaly as described in various textbooks and reference articles. The details of etiology, diagnosis, genetic causes, association with other anomalies and treatment will be discussed.
KEYWORDS: Ectrodactyly, Split hand or foot malformations, Median Cleft, Autosomal dominant, Autosomal recessive.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LEARNING STYLES AMONGST FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUENTS AT S.R. T. R. GOVERNMENT  MEDICAL COLLEGE, AMBAJOGAI, INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:53:56 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.561.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Nilima.P.Patil, Sudhir V. Bhise.

Learning style is defined as the manner and the conditions under which learners most efficiently and effectively perceives, process, store and recall what they are attempting to learn. We are interested in developing teaching approaches to address the learning needs of all of our medical students. To better understand our learners and their learning style characteristics, we administered Fleming’s VAK questionnaire for assessing sensory modality. Participants in this study consisted of 1st year Medical students at S.R.T.R. Government Medical College, Ambajogai, India. A total of 133 students completed the questionnaire. The VAK questionnaire was used to identify one facet of student learning styles, the sensory modality by which they prefer to take information. Most of the students 58.64 % of the students preferred a single mode of information presentation. Among these students, 10.52 %preferred visual (learning from graphs, charts, and flow diagrams), 19.54 %preferred auditory (learning from speech), and 28.57%preferred kinesthetic (learning from touch, smell, and taste.). In contrast, 41.35 % students preferred multiple modes [two modes (39.84%), three modes (1.5%)] of information presentation.  As teachers, we need to assess and understand how to reach all students by understanding how to present the information in multiple modes. We can help students more effectively; both in and out of the classroom, if we are aware of their learning style.
KEYWORDS: Learning styles, VAK questionnaire, Medical students.
]]></description>
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    <item>
      <title>OPEN LIP SCHIZENCEPHALY WITH AGENESIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM: A RARE EMBRYOLOGICAL DEFECT IN COMBINATION</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:53:03 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.560.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ashfaq ul  Hassan *1, Shifan Khanday 2, Aijaz Rather 3, Muneeb ul Hassan 4.

A five week  old  newborne presented with recurrent abnormal movements . The child was borne of normal parents with non consangious marriage . There was no history of any ailment of mother during pregnancy and she was not on any drugs. The baby was borne by normal delivery and The CT Scan of the head showed Schizencephaly with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with gyral malformation. There were no associated anomalies. Facial features were well developed and the muscle tone and power of the child was normal. The blood investigations were normal as was metabolic profile.
KEYWORDS: Callosum, Agenesis, Lateral Ventricle, Commissure, Forceps. 
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF PALMARIS LONGUS: TENDINOUS ORIGIN AND FLESHY INSERTION</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:52:21 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.558.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Buddhadeb Ghosh *1, Vishal Kalia 2, Bhawna Thakur 3, Suman Yadav 4, Kavita Nanda 5.

A tendinous origin and fleshy insertion of palmaris longus muscle was observed in the left forearm during routine dissection which was performed on adult male cadaver in the department of Anatomy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College. It was having long tendinous origin from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the surrounding deep fascia. It was fusiform at the lower middle of the forearm. The fleshy muscular insertion was noted to the flexor retinaculum and few muscular fibers interdigitate with flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and palmar aponeurosis. The length of tendon was 19 inches and fleshy muscular length was 11inches. The median nerve and ulnar nerve was covered by this fleshy insertion. This palmaris longus variation is helpful for the surgeon and the radiologist, orthopaedic, plastic surgeon during any diagnosis of the forearm because this fleshy part of muscle can compress the median nerve and ulnar nerve or it can be mistaken as a tumor or ganglion during radiological or clinical examination.
KEYWORDS: Palmaris longus, tendinous origin, fleshy insertion, median nerve, ulnar nerve, carpal tunnel syndrome.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF INCIDENCE, LATERALITY AND PATENCY OF THE POSTERIOR CONDYLAR CANAL IN 100 DRY HUMAN SKULLS</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:51:29 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.556.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Dimple Dev V *1, Suman U 2, Shubha R 3.

Background: The posterior condylar foramina are the largest of the emissary foramina’s present in the human skull. The posterior condylar canal transmits the posterior condylar emissary vein and it acts as a route for venous circulation between extracranial venous system and intracranial venous sinuses. It also acts as a channel for spread of infection. Due to its varied clinical implications and to get a better knowledge about the canal this study was taken up.
Objectives: To determine the variations in the occurrence of posterior condylar canal with respect to incidence, laterality, patency and if patent whether intrasinus or retrosinus.
Materials and methods: An observational study was carried out on 100 dry human skulls obtained from the department of anatomy, Kempegowda Institute Of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India. The posterior condylar canal was observed and noted. The patency was ascertained by passing a probe and care was taken to note whether the canal opened intrasinus or retrosinus.
Result: The posterior condylar canal was found to be present in 90% of the skulls. The incidence of bilateral presence was more than the unilateral presence. 82.22% of the canals were patent with the intrasinus type being the most prevalent.
Conclusion: The knowledge of the posterior condylar canal and its variations is important for the radiologist, neurosurgeons, ENT surgeons operating in this area.
KEYWORDS: Posterior condylar canal, Emissary vein, Venous sinuses, Retrosinus, Intrasinus.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIATION IN THE BRANCHING PATTERN OF FACIAL ARTERY: PREMASSETERIC ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:50:40 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.555.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Deepa Somanath 

Arterial variations are uncommon. In the present case, the arterial variation observed was an additional branch of the facial artery arising from the main trunk while it crosses the base of the mandible. It ascended on the masseter and terminated into three branches. Knowledge of vascular variations will enhance the surgical precision, avoid misdiagnosis and prevent iatrogenic complications during surgical procedures of the face.
KEYWORDS: Facial artery, Premasseteric artery, Variation.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INIENCEPHALY AND ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES IN A 13 WEEK FETUS</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:49:10 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.546.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Maneesha Sharma 1, Sukhinder Baidwan *2, P K Gupta 3. 

Iniencephaly is a rare neural tube defect (1 in 65,000 births in India). It involves defect of occiput and inions combined with rachischisis and retroflexion of head. We present a rare case of inencephaly diagnosed on ante-natal ultrasound in a 13 weeks fetus and associated with cystic hygroma and single umbilical artery. The fetal cervico-thoracic spine was retroflexed, occipital area was soft and brain tissue and spinal cord was visible externally in cervical region. The side of neck showed subcutaneous edema and two vessels (1 umbilical vein and 1 umbilical artery) were present in the umbilical cord. On x-ray examination spinous processes of all vertebrae showed presence of ossification centers except in the cervical region.
KEY WORDS: Iniencephaly, Rachischisis, Cystic hygroma.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CLINICO-ANATOMICAL STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF ADULT HUMAN STOMACH </title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:48:16 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.499.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Saif Omar *1, Md. Shakeb Ahmad 2, Nafees Fatima 3,  Md. Arif Ansari 4.

Anatomical variations in the arterial supply of adult human stomach have long baffled even the most experienced surgeons during surgical manipulation of the stomach. The stomach develops from the foregut hence its arterial supply is derived from the coeliac trunk. The present study is aimed at observing the anatomical variations of the arteries supplying the stomach. This study has been conducted on fifty cadavers during routine dissections. The aberrant arteries observed have both embryological and clinical significance. A comprehensive knowledge of the arteries nourishing the stomach along with their anomalies is vital for the surgeons to avoid iatrogenic complications during surgical manipulation involving the organ.
KEYWORDS: Arterial, Foregut, Stomach, Anomalies, Complications.  ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYPEROSTOSIS OF THE FRONTAL, TEMPORAL, AND SPHENOID BONES: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 14:45:17 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.3.1/IJAR.2014.485.html</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Austin Huy Nguyen 1, Mallory Moore 1, and William Hunter III *2.

Hyperostosis of the internal table of the frontal bone is not an uncommon phenomenon. However, such hyperostosis of the temporal and/or sphenoid bone is rarely discussed in the available literature, especially in the absence of meningioma. We report a case of hyperostosis of the frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones found during routine cadaveric dissection of an 81 year-old female. Histology revealed thickening and increased density of the lamellar bone. The periosteum was unaffected. Possible etiology is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Calvarial hyperostosis, hyperostosis frontalis interna, spenoid bone, temporal bone, meningioma.
]]></description>
    </item>
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