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    <title>ijar-current</title>
    <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
    <description>International Journal of Anatomy and Research: Volume 2 Issue 4 December 2014</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <managingEditor>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>editor_anatomy@hotmail.com</webMaster>
    <copyright>2014</copyright>
    <image>
      <title>ijar-current</title>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm</link>
      <url>http://www.ijmhr.org/css_ijar/images/ijarfeedim.png</url>
      <width>120</width>
      <height>130</height>
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    <item>
      <title>VARIATION IN BRANCHING PATTERN OF AXILLARY NERVE</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 21:47:46 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.557.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Jaishree. H *1, Ashwini. H 2. 
ABSTRACT: In our present case the axillary nerve on both sides was arising from posterior cord. About 2.5cm from its origin at the lateral border of subscapularis, it gave 2 branches i.e anterior and posterior branch. The axillary nerve branched before entering the quadrangular space. Knowledge of the precise relationship of the branches of the axillary nerve, its relationship to the shoulder capsule and its common variations within deltoid muscle is necessary for performing surgical procedures over shoulder and reduce the incidence of iatrogenic nerve damage.
KEYWORDS: Axillary nerve, Quadrangular space, Shoulder joint.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR CLEANING EMBALMED CADAVER BONES</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 16:09:57 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.554.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Bhawani Shankar Modi *, Nidhi Puri, VVG Patnaik.
ABSTRACT:Objective: The present study was conducted to find new technique for development of bone specimens from cadavers.
Material and methods: Long bones, skull and other bones from embalmed cadaver were taken and cleansed by various methods. Four methods were employed for preparing specimens. In 1st method bones were boiled in tap water for 7-8 hours on gas stove. In 2nd method bones were immersed in water with addition of detergent at constant temperature. In 3rd method bones were kept at constant temperature in water without addition of detergent. In 4th method bones were buried for one month under superficial surface of soil during rainy season after boiling the bones for 7-8 hours
Observations: Use of detergent in warm water (65o C) was good for cleaning long bones while best result for long bones as well as skull was seen with boiling followed by burial of embalmed specimens. Results were found as expected. Time consumed in the present study was less than old classical methods. Bones specimens formed were of high quality.
Conclusions:  Preparation of bone specimen by embalmed cadaver can be of immense value and time saver for many research institutes to get their self-prepared specimens. There are many more ways which has to be modified or rediscovered in this area of research, which has been neglected so far. 
KEYWORDS: Bones, Cleaning, Embalming, Cadever.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF FRUITS OF BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA LINN. ON HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 16:07:54 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.553.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sudha Patil 1, Mahesh Ramu Patil 2, Prabhakar Patil *3, Rohit Dixit 4, Rajesh C Sharma 5.
ABSTRACT:The objective of present study was to investigate Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts of B. racemosa fruits in vitro on human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells to screen their effects on phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Ethyl acetate extract of B. racemosa fruits was found to be a stimulant of PMN cell phagocytosis of Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and candida albicans. It also stimulated intracellur killing capacity of PMN cells. It was further found to increase the chemotaxis of human PMN cells. While, petroleum ether extract and hydroalcoholic extract were lesser active as far as these activities are concerned.
KEYWORDS: Barringtonia racemosa, Phagocytosis, Chemotaxis, Polymorphonuclear cells.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY, MORPHOMETRY, SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL OPENING OF CAROTID CANAL WITH COMPARISON IN MALE, FEMALE AND FOETUS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 16:05:58 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.552.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vaseemraja G. Shaikh *1 , Pramod. R. Kulkarni 2.
Abstract:Introduction: The Carotid Canal is an important structure at the base of skull as it conveys the internal carotid artery, along with a sympathetic nerve plexus and a venous plexus. Previous researches done on carotid canal suggest that abnormalities to this canal, such as fractures of carotid canal and carotid sympathetic plexus schwannoma have their effect on the internal carotid artery and the structures passing through it. Cases of absence of carotid canal have also been reported, which causes variations of the internal carotid artery. Attempt has been made in this study to give a detailed view of the ‘external opening of carotid canal’ (EOCC) which is the gateway of the carotid canal at the skull base. This study shall be useful for Surgeons, Radiologists, Anatomists, Forensic Experts, Anthropologists, etc.
Aim: This study aims at measuring the various dimensions of the external openings of the carotid canal pair present at the base of skull, and to observe the age changes, sexual dimorphism, and symmetry of the external opening of the carotid canal from the analysis of these measurements. 
Materials and methods: Total 235 dry skulls that included 181 adolescent to adult skulls of known age and sex (age ranging from 13 years up to old age skulls of 60 years or above) and 54 foetal skulls were studied for this purpose. The longest & shortest diameter of each carotid canal, was measured using a screw adjusted compass and a Vernier Calliper. Their distance from pharyngeal tubercle and from the X axis and Y axis was measured.
Observations and Results: In the present study, it was observed that external opening of each carotid canal was unique in its morphology and morphometry. The dimensions of external opening of carotid canal progressively increased from foetal age to 25 years of age, however after 25 years of age, it did not show any age change within same sex, but it showed age changes when adolescent female skulls of age less than 25 years were compared with adult male skulls of age above 25 years. It was also observed that the external opening of carotid canal showed sexual dimorphism when compared within same age group (that is, between adolescent male and female skulls below 25 years age, and between adult male and female skulls above 25 years age. Further it was also observed that EOCC did not show any asymmetry in foetal age, however it showed asymmetry in female skulls below age 25 years (adolescent).
Key Words: External opening of carotid canal, Dimensions, Morphology, Morphometry, Symmetry, Age changes, Sexual Dimorphism, Variations.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A CORROSION CAST STUDY OF RAMIFICATION PATTERN OF PORTAL VEIN IN RIGHT LOBE OF HUMAN LIVER</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 16:03:28 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.551.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rajput AS *1, Kumari S 2, Mishra GP 3.
Abstract:Objectives: The aim of the study was to know the intrahepatic ramification pattern of portal vein in right lobe of liver & its variations. 
Methods: 25 human fresh livers were obtained after autopsy and studied by corrosion cast method. Polymeric granules of butyl butyrate were dissolved in acetone and 20% homogenous solution was made. Solution was injected into portal vein and the injected liver was placed in 10 % formal saline for 24 hours at room temperature (20°C) for polymerization of infused butyl butyrate solution. Maceration of liver tissue achieved by whole-organ immersion in 1.8 N KOH solution at 68°C for 24 hrs. Each cast thus obtained was preserved in glycerin and details were studied. 
Results: The length of the right portal vein varies 0.5 to 1.8 cm (1.2 cm). The right portal vein bifurcated into second order branches - right anterior portal vein (RAPV) & right posterior portal vein (RPPV) in 87 % of the cases, while trifurcated in rest of 13 % of cases. The angle between the anterior and posterior division ranged from 58°-95 °. Anterio-superior (P8) branch shown three type of ramification - Bifurcation type (72 %), P8- one pedicle type (8 %) and P8- trifurcation type (20%). Anterio-inferior (P5 max ) branch shown the three type of ramification pattern - P5 -common type (72 %), P5 – P8 anterior type (28 %) but P5 – P8 posterior type was not observed. Right Posterior Portal Vein has shown three types of ramification pattern - Type I-Fan shaped (64%),Type II (28 %) & Type III-Trifurcation type (8%). 
Conclusions: The findings of present study on hepatic vasculature have immense importance in the field of hepato-biliary surgeries like hepatic resection, segmentectomy and liver transplantation.
KEY WORDS: Liver, Corrosion cast, Portal vein, Ramification, Right lobe.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF HUMAN FETAL KIDNEY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 16:01:39 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.550.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shalika Sharma* 1, Sunanda Raina 2.
ABSTRACT:Background: The knowledge of the basic human morphology and developmental anatomy is very imperative for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The question of study of human renal development arose for prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations. There are few reports regarding the morphological development of human kidney, So, our study aims at contributing to the knowledge of morphogenesis and histogenesis of human kidney. At various gestations. 
Materials and method: 30 human foetal kidneys between 10 to 34 weeks of gestation were dissected and processed in paraffin, 7mm thick sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin and Mason’s Trichrome stains. They were divided into 5 groups according to CRL and light microscopy examination done. 
Results: Morphogenesis of human kidney starts at 5th week of gestation and extends upto last month of last trimester of pregnancy, renal pelvis was very small and undifferentiated at 10 weeks and fully differentiated at 18 weeks. Zone of transition between cortex and medulla appeared at the starting of 14 weeks, presence of lobulation in kidneys was observed as early as 10 weeks, lobules start fusing with each other at 15 weeks of gestation. An arcade system along with well-defined pyramids was observed at 16-18 weeks.
Conclusion: The present work made an attempt to do detailed light microscopy of human kidney at various stages of gestation, the data on which is scanty in Indian population.
KEYWORDS: Kidney, lobules, arcade, pyramid, pelvis.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OCCIPITALIZATION OF ATLAS </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:59:40 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.549.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sween Walia *, Bhawani Shankar Modi, Nidhi Puri, VV Gopichand Patnaik.
ABSTRACT:Occipitalization of atlas is an osseous anomaly of the craniovertebral junction which occurs at the base of the skull in the region of the foramen magnum. The knowledge of such a fusion is important because skeletal abnormalities at the craniocervical junction may result in sudden death. During bone cleaning procedure and routine undergraduate osteology teaching, three skulls with Occipitalization of atlas were encountered in the department of Anatomy at MMIMSR, Mullana, India. In one skull, both anterior and posterior arch were completely fused with occipital bone while the transverse process on the right side was not fused whereas left transverse process was fused with occipital bone. Both anterior and posterior arch were completely fused whereas transverse process on both sides were not fused in other skull. In another skull, partial and asymmetrical Occipitalization of atlas vertebra with occipital bone was found with bifid posterior arch of atlas at the level of posterior tubercle. Anterior arch was completely fused with basilar part of occipital bone but both the transverse processes were not fused. Reduced diameter of foramen magnum due to the atlanto-occipital fusion might cause neurological complications due to compression of spinal cord or medulla oblongata, vertebral vessels, 1st cervical nerve, thus, knowledge of occipitalization of the atlas may be of substantial importance to orthopaedicians, neurosurgeons, physicians and radiologists dealing with abnormalities of the cervical spine.
KEYWORDS: Occipitalization, Atlas, Assimilation, Occipital bone, Atlanto-occipital fusion.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNILATERAL VARIATION IN BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE WITH FOUR HEADS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:57:32 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.548.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Garima Pardhi *1, Savita Gadekar 2.
ABSTRACT: Biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. Normally it has two heads; long head which originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of glenoid cavity and short head from the tip of coracoid process of scapula. During routine Anatomy dissection for first MBBS students, in an adult male cadaver aged approximately 65 years, a biceps brachii muscle with four heads was observed. The short and long heads had their normal origin. In addition to this third head was found to be originating obliquely from the shaft of the humerus along the lateral side of insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle and the fourth head originated from superomedial margin of origin of the brachialis muscle. Both additional heads were directed downwards and laterally and joined the deeper surface of short head. All heads of this variant biceps brachii muscle were supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Earlier, Poudel PP and Bhattarai C (2009) reported the presence of 3rd head in 6.2% and 4th head also in 6.2% where as Standring (2008) reported the presence of 3rd head in 10%. Knowledge of the existence of such variations of biceps brachii may be significant in surgeries of the arm in trauma, tumors, etc.
KEY WORDS: Biceps brachii, Heads, Musculocutaneous Nerve.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORINE A ON THE KIDNEY OF RABBIT: A LIGHT AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:54:19 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.545.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Fathy Ahmed Fetouh, Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy*
ABSTRACT:Background: Nephrotoxicity is a relatively common problem in patients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A (CsA) with an incidence reaching up to thirty percent. The present work aimed to study the histological and ultrastructural effects of CsA on the kidney of rabbit.
Materials and Methods: Two groups of Egyptian adult rabbits were used for this study (5 rabbits for each). One group was used as a control and the other group (experimental) was treated with CsA in a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight for two weeks. The animals were anaesthetized; and kidney specimens were obtained, fixed and processed for light and electron microscopic examinations. 
Results: CsA had adverse effects on the kidney especially renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and afferent glomerular arterioles. The renal corpuscles were observed with shrunken glomeruli, widening of Bowmanʼs space and thickening of the Bowmanʼs capsule. Also, there was obvious increase in mesangial cell number and overall glomerular obliteration due to large lining endothelial cells and encroachment of the mesangial cell matrix onto the capillary lumen. The renal tubules showed vacuolization and PAS positive inclusion bodies. The cells showed disordered brush border of microvilli. Many fibrocytes appeared inbetween the tubules. Peritubular capillary congestion was observed with an increase in the surrounding connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, the proximal convoluted tubules showed thick basement membrane with loss of the basal infolding. The mitochondria appeared degenerated with damaged transverse cristae. Electron dense lysosomes were seen in the cytoplasm. In distal convoluted tubules, the cells showed degenerated mitochondria and pyknotic nuclei. The afferent glomerular arterioles appeared with hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells that contained massive renin granules. The lining endothelial cells appeared protruding their nuclei into the lumen due to contraction of the smooth muscles. 
Conclusions: It could be concluded that CsA had adverse structural changes on the kidney mainly on the nephron; renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and afferent glomerular arterioles. Defective renal function should always be a concern in the management of CsA treated patient.
KEYWORDS: Kidney, Cyclosporine A, Nephrotoxicity, Histology, Ultrastructure.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF NASAL INDEX OF EGYPTIANS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:51:37 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.544.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy
Abstract:Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameter in classifying human races. There are few reports in medical literature concerning nasal index that specifically address particular Egyptian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of external nose (width, height and nasal index) in Egyptians.
Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy Egyptian subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using vernier caliper. Then, nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. 
Results: A total of 290 subjects, 144 males and 146 females, aged 1 month– 65 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 68.01; in males and females was 71.46 and 64.56, respectively. 
Conclusions: The dominant nasal type in Egyptians was in-between mesorrhine "medium" and leptorrhine "narrow" nose. Forensic and anthropological research, as well as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery may benefit from age- and sex- based data of the study.
KEYWORDS: Anthropometry, anatomy, nasal breadth, nasal height, nasal index, sexual dimorphism, nasal type.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ULTRASOUND GUIDED CATHETERIZATION OF THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND CLASSICAL LAND MARK TECHNIQUE </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:49:31 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.541.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Henjarappa K S 1, Pavan P Havaldar 2, Hussain Saheb Shaik *3.
Abstract :Background: Catheterization of Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) is commonly attempted to obtain central venous access for hemodynamic monitoring, long term administration of fluids, total parenteral nutrition and hemodialysis in critical care patients. The safe puncture of the IJV is achieved by using anatomical land marks on skin surface. Ultrasound guidance could be beneficial in placing central venous catheters by improving the success rate, reducing the number of needle passes, decreasing access time and decreasing complications. 
Material and Methods: Sixty critical care patients were selected for IJV cannulation either by land mark technique or by ultrasound guided technique in two groups of thirty each. 
Results: In our study there was 100% success rate for first attempt cannulation in USG technique and where as it was 83.3% in LMG technique. The mean access time in USG technique was 152.50 ± 63.90 sec as against 323.23 ± 146.19 sec in LMG group.
Conclusion: Ultrasound guided technique improves the cannulation of the IJV  with respect to safety, rapidity and comfort to the patient during the procedure. 
KEYWORDS:  Central venous cannulation, Internal Jugular Vein, Land marks, Ultrasound. 
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS OF HUMAN GALLBLADDER</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:47:05 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.540.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Hemlata Sharma *1, Manoj Kumar Sharma 2, Ghanshyam Gupta 3.
ABSTRACT:Introduction: It is appear to be increasing in incidence over part couple of decades in India and western world due to increased intake of fatty and high calorie diet and increased consumption of alcohol. Cholecystits and cholelithiasis are very common particularly in fatty, fertile and female of forty to fifty. Various sign and symptoms like severe pain in Murphy’s point in right upper quadrant of abdomen , bilious vomiting , mild to moderate increase in temperature , obstructive jaundice , loss of appetite are present in these disease .
Aim of study: The purpose of the present study is to compare the histological changes in the wall of human gall bladder in Cholecystits and cholelithiasis. 
Material and methods:  Gallbladder of 100 patients of both sexes, aged between 12 years to 80 years was taken for present research work who underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis with cholecystits. The gall bladder biopsy was processed for histopathological examination. Hemotoxyllin and eosin staining was done for microscopic observations.
Results: The observations showed focal and diffused ulceration of mucosa and inflammatory cells infiltrate in sub epithelial layers. Fibrosis and thickening of the perimuscular layer with muscle hypertrophy were observed in maximum cases. The congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage were also noted.
Discussion: The conclusion of study is to demonstrate predominate alteration in specific layer of diseased gallbladder and to compare it with each other and normal one. 
Once histopathological changes occur they alter the normal tissue pattern and can induce the carcinogenic progression and metastasis. The advantage of this work is early differential diagnosis between the two and two give effective treatment as early as possible.
KEYWORDS:  Gallbladder, Gallstone disease, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, Inflammation, Epithelial heperplasia, Metaplasia, Rokitansky aschoff sinus.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF MEDIAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERY AND ITS CLINICAL AND SURGICAL IMPORTANCE</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:44:38 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.539.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sowmya S *1, Meenakshi P 2,  Sharmada KL 3.
Abstract:Background: The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic ischemic necrosis of head of femur needs the anatomy of medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) which is the main source for the blood supply of head of femur. As it gives the muscular perforators its knowledge is important in the posteromedial cutaneous flap (gracilis flap). In the femoral artery obstruction, MCFA takes bypass route for the blood supply of lower limb as it forms anastomosis with branches of other arteries.  
Objectives: The study describes the origin and course of the medial circumflex artery.
Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 lower limbs from embalmed human cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. Femoral triangle was dissected and the medial circumflex artery and branches were traced.
Results: The study describes that in 8-10% cases MCFA showed variations whereas in 90-92% cases the MCFA has taken normal origin and course
KEYWORDS: Medial circumflex artery, Profunda femoris artery, Femoral artery.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MULTIPLE OSSIFIED COSTAL CARTILAGES FOR 1ST RIB</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:42:43 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.538.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Raghavendra D.R. *1, Nirmala D 2. 
Abstract:Costal  cartilages are flattened bars of hyaline cartilages. All ribs except the last two, join with the sternum through their respective costal cartilages directly or indirectly. During  dissection for 1st  MBBS students in the Department of Anatomy, JJMMC, Davangere,  variation was found in a male cadaver aged 45 –50 years. Multiple ossified costal cartilages for 1st  rib were  present on left side. There were 3 costal cartilages connecting 1st rib to manubrium. There were two small intercostal spaces between them. The lower two small costal cartilages fused together to form a common segment which in turn fused with large upper costal cartilage. The large upper costal cartilage forms costochondral joint with 1st rib. All costal cartilages showed features of calcification. The present variation of multiple ossified costal cartilages are due to bifurcation of costal cartilage. It may cause musculoskeletal pain, intercostal nerve entrapment or vascular compression. Awareness of these anomalies are important for radiologists for diagnostic purpose and for surgeons for performing various clinical and surgical procedures. 
KEY WORDS: Costal cartilage, bifurcation of Rib, Sternum.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATYPIC DRAINAGE PATTERN OF POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS INTO THE AZYGOS VENOUS SYSTEM</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:40:54 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.537.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rimpi Gupta *1, Deepak Goyal 2, APS Batra 3, Shveta Swami 4.
Abstract:The azygos venous system vary greatly in their mode of  origin, course,tributaries, anastomoses and  termination which resulst predominantly due to its complex embryological development. Azygos venous system develops as right and left azygos venous lines. Right azygos venous line develops into vertical part of azygos vein whereas the left one develops into accessory hemiazygos and inferior hemiazygos veins. These are connected by subcentral/ transvertebral  veins. In the present case, we found an atypic drainage pattern of posterior intercostal veins into azygos venous system, left being more variable. Right superior intercostal vein formed by 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins whereas left superior intercostal vein was found to be absent. 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th  left posterior intercostal veins thus drained into accessory hemiazygos vein. Sixth and seventh left PICVs formed a common trunk with accessory hemiazygous vein and drained into the azygous vein at T6 level. Eighth one united with the hemiazygos vein and formed a common trunk which drained into azygos vein at T8 level. Such variations of the azygos venous system are important for a clinician during mediastinal surgeries to prevent inadvertent hemorrhagic complications. 
KEYWORDS: Azygos vein, accessory hemiazygos vein, hemiazygos vein, superior intercostal vein.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCH</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:39:08 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.536.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Suma M.P. *1, Vijay Kumar S 2, Priya Ranganath 3.
ABSTRACT:Background: The study of superficial palmar arch and its variations has been reported rarely. The purpose of the study is to provide assessment of anatomical variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch in hand. A classic superficial palmar arch is formed by direct communication between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and superficial branch of radial artery. 
Materials and Methods: Twenty dissected upper limb specimens, out of which 16 males and 4 females aged between 18 – 75years were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. The vascular pattern of superficial palmar arch was recorded. 
Results and Discussion: The complete and incomplete formation of the superficial palmar arch was found in 19 and 1 hands respectively. This indicates that the incidences of complete and incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch are 95% and 5% respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch will lead to ischemia or poor nourishment of intrinsic muscles of the hand.
KEYWORDS: Superficial Palmar Arch; Micro-Vascular Anatomy of Hand; Reconstructive Surgeries.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESCRIPTIVE AND TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN NERVE BLOCK</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:36:39 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.535.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Kopal Saini
Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study is to document the morphological and topographical anatomy of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in relation to the infraorbital rim (IOR) and piriform opening of the nose which is necessary in clinical situations that requires regional nerve blocks.
Methods: A total of 100 Indian dry adult human skulls of unknown age and gender were studied.  In each skull the IOF’s location was measured with IOR and piriform opening of the nose as reference points.  The transverse and vertical diameters of the foramen were also measured. The orientation of accompanying groove and any accessory foramen was noted.
Results: Majority of infra-orbital foramina were directed inferomedially on both the right (53.53 percent) and left (53.12 percent) sides. The overall combined distance between the IOR and IOF was 2 to 12 (6.7 ± 1.67) mm, the combined distance between piriform aperture and IOF was 11 to 23 (17.4 ± 2.43) mm. The overall combined vertical diameter was 2 to 7 (4.3 ± 0.95) mm. The overall combined transverse diameter was 1 to 5 (3.6 ± 0.84) mm. Eleven (5.64 percent) accessory infraorbital foramina were found.
Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of IOF locations, diameters, directions and its accessory foramina may have important implications in blocking the infraorbital nerve for surgical and local anaesthetic planning. 
KEYWORDS: Infraorbital foramen, Infraorbital rim, Infraorbital nerve block.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OSSIFICATION OF THE ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT OF THE THORACIC SPINE  </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:34:34 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.519.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vivek  Singh Malik *1,  Gargi Soni 2. 
Abstract:The ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament may be a part of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier’s disease. We are describing a case of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the region of thoracic spine, found on routine examination of dry bones.
KEYWORDS: DISH, Forestier’s Disease, Diffuse, Idiopathic, Skeletal, Hyperostosis, Thoracic spine.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF NEUTROPHIL DRUMSTICKS </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:32:05 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.510.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sharmila Tupakula 1, Subhadra devi Velichety *2, Thyagaraju K 3.
ABSTRACT:Introduction: Sex chromatin is a chromatin mass of 1 micron size usually seen at the periphery of nucleus in females. In the literature majority reported its absence in males while few reported its low incidence in males. The term ‘sex chromatin’ comprises two superficially dissimilar structures the “Barr body” present in epithelial and other tissue cells and the “Drumstick” of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Materials and methods: The present study was conducted to observe the morphology, morphometry and percentage incidence of Drumsticks in the blood neutrophils of 110 individuals ranging from 17-30 age group and both sexes using a calibrated ocular/eye piece micrometer. 
Results: The percentage incidence of drumsticks including non-specific appendages as well as the total number of true drumsticks in females exceeds that in males. Four different types of nonspecific appendages-sessile nodules, racket structures, minor lobes and small clubs were found in the blood neutrophils along with the drumsticks. A higher percentage of non-specific appendages i.e. minor lobes (46.2%), racket structures (42.3%), and small clubs (11.5%) were observed in males and sessile nodules were found only in females. 
Conclusion: Observations on morphology, morphometry and percentage incidence of polymorphonuclear drumsticks presented a valuable data on sex differences.   
KEYWORDS: Sex chromatin, Drumstick, Non-specific appendages, Head, Stalk.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF INFERIOR SEGMENTAL BRANCH OF RENAL ARTERY </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:29:39 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.534.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S1, Nanjaiah C.M2, Suhas Y Shirur3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract:Background: The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. These two arteries also include in their territory the lateral edge of the kidney and adjacent to the strip of parenchyma on the dorsal or posterior aspect of the organ. The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery is very important for surgeries in its distribution area in kidney.
Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic medicine, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of inferior segmental branch of renal artery were observed and recorded.
Results: In present study type I inferior segmental branch of renal artery were found in  - 59% cases, type II in  - 6% cases, type III in - 28% cases, type IV in - 2% cases.
Conclusion: The inferior segmental artery from the anterior division of the renal artery is the commonest event –arising in 59%. This is Type I, the normal type. It arises from the renal artery (28%) or from the posterior division (6%) or from the aorta (2%). The knowledge of inferior segmental branch of renal artery helpful in kidney transplantation and renal surgery because these type of surgeries success mainly depends on arterial ligations.
KEYWORDS: Renal artery, Inferior segment, renal surgery, Renal sciences.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON ACCESSORY RENAL ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:27:40 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.533.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S1, Nanjaiah C.M2, Suhas Y Shirur3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract :Background: Knowledge of the variations of renal vascular anatomy has importance in exploration and treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renovascular hypertension, renal artery embolization, angioplasty. The anomalies of accessory renal artery may be important from the clinical point of view. The importance of being familiar with the renal artery and segmental artery variability, which has become indispensable to urological surgery, has increased as a result of the large number of renal transplants and vascular reconstructions.
Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of posterior division were observed and recorded.
Results: Accessory renal arteries were found in two specimens originating directly from aorta out of 100 specimens, it is recorded as 2%.
Conclusion: In present study we observed 2% of cases as accessory renal artery. The recent days the increasing demand for kidney transplantation, grafts from living donor is major source for that, with this concept the knowledge of accessory renal artery very essential for kidney transplantation.
KEYWORDS: Accessory renal artery, Arterial graft, Kidney transplantation, Abdominal aorta.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF POSTERIOR DIVISION OF RENAL ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:25:35 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.532.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract:Background: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for the vast majority of patients with end stage renal disease. Many of the current challenges with the donor grafts are the results of anatomic variants, such as multiple renal arteries, multiple. The previous studies have shown that use of vessel grafts is associated with a higher incidence of vascular and urologic complications. With this back ground the knowledge of variations in vascular pattern is very helpful for renal transplantation and renal surgeries.
Materials and Methods: 100 kidneys (Fifty pairs) intact with abdominal aorta were collected from department of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used. The variations of posterior division were observed and recorded.
Results: In present study type I posterior division of renal artery were found in  - 27% cases, type II in  - 42% cases, type III in - 25% cases.
Conclusion: In present study we found three types of posterior division of renal artery this knowledge helpful in treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renovascular hypertension, renal artery embolization, vascular reconstruction.
KEYWORDS: Renal artery embolization, Renal trauma, Posterior division of renal artery, Renovascular hypertension.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF ANTERIOR INFERIOR SEGMENTAL BRANCH OF RENAL ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:22:53 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.531.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract:Background: The kidneys are paired solid organs that lie in the retro peritoneum along the borders of psoas muscle. Each kidney is positioned obliquely and awareness of the relationship of the kidneys to the surrounding organs is paramount. Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, which is a branch of the abdominal aorta, the branching pattern of renal artery shows very much variations , the knowledge of individual segmental artery variation are very helpful for clinical practices of renal surgeries.
Materials and Methods: Fifty pairs of kidneys with intact abdominal aorta and renal artery were collected from the dead bodies obtained from the mortuary of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College and studied in JSS Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used.
Results: In present study type I anterior inferior segmental artery were found in 47%, type II in 16%, type III in 24%, type IV 10%, type V in 0% o and type VI 1% of cases.
Conclusion: The variation of the anterior inferior segmental artery has not been given importance in previous works and they have been typed (6 types) in the present work. The knowledge of anterior inferior segmental artery variations are helpful in renal surgeries in particular with anterior inferior segmental artery distribution area.
KEY WORDS: Renal Surgery, Renal transplantation, Anterior inferior segmental artery, Kidney.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN SUPERIOR SEGMENTAL BRANCH OF RENAL ARTERY</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:20:32 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.530.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract:Background: Based on vascular divisions the renal tissue divided into five segments that are apical, anterior superior, anterior inferior, inferior and posterior. The apical segment occupies the antero medial region of the superior pole. The superior segment includes the rest of the superior pole and the central antero-superior region. The segmental arteries of the kidney supply the organ in such a way that, each renal pole receives its own artery while, the anterior portion between the poles is supplied by an upper and lower segmental vessel. The present study concentrated on variation of superior segmental artery which is help in nephrology clinical practice. 
Materials and Methods: Fifty pairs of kidneys with intact abdominal aorta and renal artery were collected from the dead bodies obtained from the mortuary of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College and studied in JSS Medical College. For study of segmental variation Corrosion cast technique method was used.
Results: In present study type I superior segmental artery were found in 28%, type II in 12%, type III in 14%, type IV 20%, type V in 1% o and type VI 23% of cases.
Conclusions: We observed variations in superior segmental branch of renal artery in 100 kidneys and observed 6 types of variation. These knowledge of vascular segments of kidney helpful for the clinician to do renal transplantation interventional radiological procedures.
KEYWORDS: Renal artery, Superior segmental division of renal artery, Vascular segments, Nephrology.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF ANTERIOR DIVISION OF RENAL ARTERY </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:18:23 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.529.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Chandragirish S 1, Nanjaiah C.M 2, Suhas Y Shirur 3, Shaik Hussain Saheb *4.
Abstract:Back ground: Urinary System is one of most important system among many systems in our body the most common variations in case of circulatory system usually occur in form of origin, number, length, and diameter. Based on divisions of renal artery, the renal parenchyma is divided into five segments: apical, anterior superior, anterior inferior, inferior and posterior. The main renal artery divides initially into an anterior and posterior branch. The anterior branch almost always supplies the upper, middle and lower segments of the kidney.
Materials and Methods: Fifty pairs of kidneys with intact abdominal aorta and renal artery were collected from the dead bodies obtained from the mortuary of Forensic department, JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College and studied in JSS Medical College. For study of segmental variation corrosion cast technique method was used.
Results: In present study type I anterior division of renal artery were found in 31%, type II in 19%, type III in 8%, type IV 20% and type V in 16% of cases.
Conclusion: We observed variations in anterior division of renal artery in 100 kidneys and observed 5 types of variation. These variations are helpful for the surgeon performing major surgeries like kidney transplant and partial nephrectomy.
KEYWORDS: Renal artery, Anterior division of renal artery, Kidney transplant, Nephrectomy.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VARIABILITY IN THE ORIGIN OF LATERAL AND MEDIAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERIES: AN ANATOMICAL STUDY IN SOUTH INDIANS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:16:09 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.528.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vishal Kumar 1, B.V. Murlimanju *2.
Abstract:Aim: The objectives were to study the anatomical variations in the origin of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population.
Material and method: The present study included 48 embalmed cadaveric lower limbs from the southern part of India. The branching patterns of femoral artery and deep femoral artery were observed in all the specimens. The branching pattern was categorized into different types as per Vazquez et al. The type 1a, the lateral circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the medial circumflex femoral artery and type 1b, the medial circumflex femoral artery branched distal to the lateral circumflex femoral artery. They are grouped under the type 1c, if both the circumflex femoral arteries, were found branching at the same level. Subtype 2a, if the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. Type 2b, if the medial circumflex femoral artery is branching from the deep femoral artery and the lateral circumflex femoral artery is branching from the femoral artery. In type 3, both the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries were branching from the femoral artery.
Results: In the present study, the type 1a was observed in 43.7% of specimens, type 1c in 12.5% of cases, type 2a was found in 33.3% specimens, type 2b was observed in 6.2% cases and type 3 in 4.2% of cases. The type 1b was not observed in the present study.  
Conclusion: The present study has provided additional knowledge about the variability in the origins of lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries in the cadaveric lower limbs of South Indian population. The morphological knowledge will enlighten the surgeons to avoid complications like catastrophic bleeding and diagnostic misinterpretations.
KEYWORDS: Artery, Branching, Circumflex, Femoral, Variation.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIRENOMELIA: MERMAID SYNDROME</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:13:43 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.526.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sharmila Pal *1, Rupa Biswas 2, Debopriya Danda 3, Jadab Chandra Chattopadhyay 4, Tarun Kumar Danda 5.
ABSTRACT:A neonate with rare congenital anomalies was born at 25 weeks of gestation and died within 17 minutes of birth. On examination of the baby, it was found that the lower limbs were malrotated and fused all along the length with six toes. External genitalia, urogenital and anal orifices were absent. At autopsy, a single umbilical artery was found arising from the abdominal aorta. Both the kidneys were polycystic and were situated in the iliac fossae. Distal portion of the large gut beyond caecum was absent and rectum was atretic. No reproductive organ was found. On the basis of the findings, the case was diagnosed as sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome).
KEY WORDS: Sirenomelia, polycystic kidneys, single umbilical artery.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ARTHRITIS OF THE SUBTALAR JOINT ASSOCIATED WITH SUSTENTACULUM TALI FACET CONFIGURATION</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:11:04 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.525.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[K.S. Nemade *1, M.M. Meshram 2, A. P. Kasote 3, N. Y. Kamdi 4.
ABSTRACT:Variation in the articular facet of the sustenticulum tali have been described by many authors. Most researchers view these differences in facet configuration as anatomical variations of no functional significance. Bruckner (1987), for the time argued that these facet configurations affect joint stability.
The purpose of this study was to determine the talar facet configuration of calcanei in India, measure the angle between the anterior and middle facet planes of these calcanei, and assess the relation between the above parameters and the degenerative changes in the subtalar joints. Study was conducted in 220 calcanei of unknown age & sex. The facet patterns observed were fused anterior and middle facets (Type I), three separate facets (Type II), absence of the anterior facet (Type III) and three merged facets (Type IV). 
Osteoarthritic changes studied are lipping, eburnation on visual inspection and subchondral sclerosis on radiographs. 
Present study reveals that the talar facet configuration of calcanei and the angle between the anterior and middle facets influence the stability of the subtalar joints and development of osteoarthritis.
KEYWORDS: Talar facet, Calcanei, Subtalar arthritis, Forefoot pain.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRESENCE OF AN UNUSUAL FISSURE ON THE DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE OF SPLEEN</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:08:45 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.524.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Rani Nallathamby *1, Ramakrishna Avadhani 2, Meera Jacob 3, Meril Ann Soman 4.
ABSTRACT:Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ of the body. Variations in the diaphragmatic surface of spleen are extremely rare which makes it significant. We observed an unusual fissure on the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen during routine dissection. Knowledge of this variation of spleen is important for radiologists, surgeons, clinicians and anatomists.
KEY WORDS: Spleen, Fissure, Diaphragmatic surface.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGY OF ULNAR NERVE IN AXILLA &amp; ARM &amp; ITS VARIATIONS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:06:26 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.523.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Vijay Kumar S *1, Priya Ranganath 2.
ABSTRACT:The ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord (C8, T1); medial cord also receives fibres from the ventral ramus of C7. Lesions of the ulnar nerve occur behind the medial epicondyle & in the cubital tunnel. When muscles are affected due to ulnar nerve dysfunction, there is ulnar neuropathy at the shoulder, arm & elbow.  
The study was done on 50 embalmed human cadavers (25 right & 25 left) of both sexes of South Indian adult population obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore.  
Variations in the ulnar nerve in its presence, origin, relations, distribution & communications were observed.  Ulnar nerve was present in all 50 upper limb specimens (100%).  Ulnar nerve originated from the medial cord of the brachial plexus in 49 cases (98%). In 1 case (2%), the ulnar nerve received C7 fibers from lateral cord i.e. the lateral root of the median nerve and then later fused with the median root of the median nerve.  In 49 specimens (98%) ulnar nerve took origin from the tip of the acromion processes. In 1 case (2%) it took origin from distal to the tip of the acromion process.  49 specimens (98%) showed the normal course, i.e. medial to axillary & brachial artery.  1 case (2%) showed ulnar nerve present anterior to the third part of the axillary artery and brachial artery. In the midarm it passed medially as a normal course, then runs distally through the cubital tunnel.
The awareness of these variations along the normal pattern are helpful for the interventional radiologists, orthopaedicians and neurologists in preventing untoward iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve during radiological procedures or operating on fractured patients or diagnostic therapy.
KEYWORDS: Ulnar Nerve, Axilla, Arm, Morphology, Cadaver, Variations, Median Nerve.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON BRANCHING PATTERN OF ARCH OF AORTA IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 15:03:08 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.522.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Durai Pandian K*, Radha K, Sundaravadhanam K.V.K.
Abstract:Background and aim: Arch of aorta is the continuation of ascending aorta lies in the superior mediastinum. The present study aims at finding the branching pattern of arch of aorta correlate it with the embroyological and clinical significance.
Materials and Methods:  30 formalin-fixed cadavers procured from the department of anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Madhuranthagam were dissected to study the branching pattern of arch of aorta.
Results: Out of 30 cadavers 19 cadavers Normal pattern (Right brachiocephalic, Left common carotid and Left subclavian artery).10 cadavers showed the left common carotid arising in common with the brachiocephalic trunk. Only one showed the left vertebral artery directly from the aorta, the origin lying between left carotid and left subclavian arteries.
Conclusion:  Knowledge of normal anatomy and frequency in the variations in the branching pattern of the arch of aorta is of great importance in patients who have to undergo aortic instrumentation, four vessel angiography or supraaortic thoracic, head and neck surgery.
KEYWORDS: Arch of aorta, Brachiocephalic, Vertebral artery.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHEILOSCOPY: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH FOR PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:57:43 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.520.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Qudusia Sultana *1, M.H Shariff 2, Muhammed Asif 3, Ramakrishna Avadhani 4.
ABSTRACT:Introduction: Cheiloscopy is derived from Greek word “Cheiloswhich” meaning lips.It is the study of characteristic pattern of elevations and depressions on labial mucosa. It is unique for every individual like fingerprints and hence can be used to determine the sex and for personal identity.
Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip prints for sexual and personal identification of an individual. 
Materials and Methods: lipsticks, brush, cellophane tape, bond paper and magnifying lens. 50 male and 50 female students were selected from Yenepoya University. Lipstick was applied on their lips evenly and the prints were taken on folded bond paper. The cellophane tape was stuck on the paper to preserve it as permanent records. The prints were analysed using magnifying lens and Tsuchihashi’s classification of lip prints was used for to determine the most common pattern of lip prints found in males and females and to study any similarity of lip prints between two individuals. 
Observations and Results: Our study showed in males the predominant pattern  was of type III pattern (40%), followed by type IV (22%), type I (18%), type I’ (12%) type II (6%) and type V(4%) respectively. This hierarchy is different for females, where type I was more predominant(54%),next was type I’ (28%), type III (10%), type IV (4%), type II (1%)and type V(2%) .Hence these results confirm the uniqueness of lip prints for every individual and show its variation according to gender. 
Conclusion: The data obtained from the above study shows promising results and indicates the uniqueness of lip prints like fingerprints for every individual. They hold a possible potential to determine the sex of an individual and hence can be used as records for personal identification.
KEYWORDS:  Cheiloscopy, personal identification, Tsuchihashi’s classification
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOMETRIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON FORAMEN OVALE</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:55:49 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.518.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Magi Murugan 1,  Shaik Hussain Saheb *2.
Abstract:Back Ground: Foramen ovalee is an important foramen of the middle cranial fossa. Foramen ovalee is situated in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, posterior to the foramen rotundum and lateral to the lingula and posterior end of the carotid groove. Through the foramen ovale the mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery and lesser petrossal nerve are passing through it. The shape of foramen ovale is ovale in shape as compare to other foramina of the skull, its shape and size is quite variable. 
Meterials and Methods: A total 250 skulls were used for this study. The skulls were collected with I MBBS student from different medical colleges in south India. Skulls in poor conditions or skulls with partly damaged surroundings of the foramen ovalee were not considered. Maximum length and width of foramen ovalee was measured. Variation in right and left side and sex difference in length and width were calculated, the variations in shape also recorded.
Results: The mean value of length of left foramen ovale is 8.5+1.32mm and right was 8.9+1.67mm. In female it was 8.7+1.67mm and male was 8.4+1.71mm. The mean value of width of left foramen ovale is 3.7+1.03mm and right was 3.9+0.98mm. In female it was 3.8+0.92mm and male was 3.7+1.02mm.The shape of foramen ovale was ovale in 69% of skulls, almond in 29% of skulls and round was 2% of skulls.
Conclusion: The present study conclude that there is significant difference between sizes of right and left side foramen ovale and found that between male and female foramen ovale sizes also not shown any significance difference. Foramen ovale has practical significance to both neurosurgical and functional cranial neuroanatomy as it provides transcutaneous approaches to the skull base especially in cases of trigeminal neuralgia, as the Gasserion ganglion can be approached through it.
KEY WORDS: Foramen ovale, Neuroanatomy, Trigeminal neuralgia,  Gasserion ganglion. 
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MONDOR’S DISEASE </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:53:38 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.517.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Komala N *1, Roopa Kulkarni 2, Kapil Dev M 3.
Abstract:Mondor’s disease is the chronic inflammation (thrombophlebitis) of superficial veins of thoracoabdominal or thoraco epigastric region. Very few cases have been reported so far. The causes are numerous and have been mentioned as trauma, inflammation of skin, following breast surgery in cancerous condition, excessive physical activity, compressive bandages, tight clothing, infections and benign or malignant breast tumours. In the present case there was chronic thrombophlebitis of lateral thoracic vein, which was observed on the right pectoral region in middle aged male cadaver. It appeared as a thick, bluish coloured, cord like structure, seen in place of lateral thoracic vessels. When traced proximally, it was opening into the right subclavian vein immediately deep to the right clavicle. Histopathological examination confirmed the vein which was showing destruction of tunica intima as in chronic inflammatory condition. The lumen showed presence of clot. The complication of Mondor’s disease may lead to  the spread of inflammation to other regions, clot formation, detachment of the clot leading to thrombo embolism. 
KEYWORDS: Thrombophlebitis, Mondor’s disease, superficial veins, thoraco epigastric veins, thoracoabdominal veins.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF RIGHT HIP JOINT: IMPORTANCE OF DYNAMIC  ASSESSMENT</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:50:15 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.516.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Pranita viveki *1,  R G Viveki 2. 
Abstract:Congenital Dislocation of Hip (CDH), is one of the most common congenital diseases in the orthopedic field. It is also known as Developmental Dysplasia of Hip.  The condition can be diagnosed by clinical, ultrasonographic and radiological examination. Here we are reporting two days old male baby with congenital dislocation of right hip joint. The goal of treatment is to obtain a reduction to provide an optimal environment for femoral head and acetabular development.  Early diagnosis is the most crucial aspect of the treatment of children with congenital dislocation of hip. If dislocation remains undiagnosed or neglected, the secondary pathological changes take place. Education of primary care colleagues, in making the diagnosis and prompt referral for management is recommended.
KEYWORDS: Dislocation, Hip, Congenital, Treatment.

]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANOMALOUS BRANCHES OF MEDIAN NERVE IN THE ARM</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:48:05 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.513.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ishita Ghosh 1, Gairik Sengupta 2, Pallab Basu *3, Alpana De (Bose) 4.
ABSTRACT;Background: Dissection of right and left upper limbs and demonstration of the origin and the course of median nerve. 
Result: Median nerve in the right upper limb is formed normally but it supplies brachialis muscle and both head of the biceps in the arm which is anomalous. In the left arm of the patient the course and supply of median nerve is normal. 
Conclusion: The patient has unilateral anomalous supply of median nerve in the arm – this can result in trauma to this nerve while undergoing any surgery in right arm.
KEY WORDS: Median nerve, Brachialis muscle, Both head of the biceps brachii, Pronator teres.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL SUPERNUMERARY HEADS OF BICEPS BRACHII </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:45:40 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.503.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Ajit Kumar *, E.Ganesh, T.Malarvani, Manish Kr. Singh.
Abstract:The Biceps brachii is a muscle of   flexor compartment of the arm. The biceps brachii muscle shows variation in the number of heads, with an estimated 9–22% of all people having a supernumerary head. The most common variation is  third head, but four, five, or even seven heads have been  reported. Although supernumerary heads of the  biceps brachii muscle have been frequently reported, bilateral  asymmetric occurrence of supernumerary heads is relatively  rare. During a routine cadaveric dissection at the Department of Anatomy, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, we encountered bilateral supernumerary heads of the biceps brachii muscle; Three heads on the right arm and four heads on the left arm in a 68 year old male cadaver. These additional heads were supplied by branches from  the musculocutaneous nerve. No additional anomalies were found on the remainder of both upper limbs of the same cadaver. It may cause compression of surrounding neurovascular structures or it may lead to variation of normal mechanical actions and also can cause erroneous interpretation during routine surgeries.
KEYWORDS: Biceps brachii, Supernumerary heads, Coracobrachialis, Musculocutaneous nerve.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROSS MORPHOLOGY OF THE HIP ARTICULATION OF BUFFALO CALVES (BUBALUS BUBALIS)</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:43:00 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.502.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Supriya. B *1, T.S. Chandrasekhara Rao 2, P. Jagapathi Ramayya 3, R. V. Suresh Kumar 4.
ABSTRACT:Back ground: The vulnerability of the buffalo to the luxation of the hip articulation previous to and during parturition encouraged the investigation in this species. The literature reviewed did not reveal complete anatomical descriptions of the coxofemoral articulation of buffalo. Hence the study was undertaken. 
Purpose: to study the different anatomical aspects of the hip joint which are specific to buffaloes.  
Methods and Results: A total number of fifteen hip joints of buffalo calves procured from  the local slaughter house and department of Veterinary Anatomy  were studied in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati  irrespective of breed, sex and nutritional status. The gross morphology of joints and relations were studied. The round ligament of buffalo was stronger compared to cattle. A thick fibrous stratum of articular capsule was present. A few arched and semi-circular fibers were seen in the articular capsule but zona orbicularis was absent. The best developed periarticular ligament in the buffalo hip was the iliofemoral ligament. It was a thick cord of connective tissue extending from a nodule below and behind the ischiatic spine and spreaded over the capsula articularis and finally attached to the trochanter major and trochanteric ridge. The pubocapsular ligament was located on the ventral surface of the joint capsule and blended with it. Compared to the most of other quadripeds the periarticular ligaments were well developed in buffalo. The iliofemoral ligament was mostly helpful in preventing the hip from excessive extension and adduction. The relative development of the periarticular ligaments in the biped and quadrupeds were probably in accordance with comparative weight that this articulation must support. 
Potential implications: An understanding of the basic anatomy of the hip helps in understanding pathology and can greatly assist the surgeon in appropriately diagnosing and treating the problems.
KEYWORDS: Hip joint, Iliofemoral ligament, Buffalo calf, Capsula articularis, Coxofemoral joint.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF SACRAL INDEX: COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF INDIA AND ABROAD</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:40:19 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.504.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Poornima Janipati *1, Jyothinath Kothapalli 2, Shamsunder Rao V 3.
Abstract: Identification of sex by human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in anthropological and medico legal works. Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. Over the years different authors had carried various types of measurements on human sacra of different races and regions. The present study carried out 81 sacra of unknown sex contains 45 male and 36 female sacra identified by physical characteristics. They were collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh region. India may be divided into four regions like North part, South part, West part, and East part for different study purpose on local population. In the present study mean sacral index in males is 104.08 and females are 115.72. The male mean sacral index value of present study is more than the values of Eastern part, north part, other worker of Southern part of India and western part except in Western part in Western Rajasthan population. The female mean sacral index value of present study is higher than the observation of Eastern part, other workers of Southern part of India, Varanasi and Jammu of north part of India and Saurashtra region of western region of India. Observations of the workers from remaining areas of Western part of India and Agra region of North India is higher than the present study. The studies on Indian population suggest that mean sacral index in females is higher than that of males.
KEYWORDS: Sacrum, Sacral index, Regions of India
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEDIAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERY IN HUMAN CADAVERS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:37:13 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.514.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Brijesh R.  Aghera *1, Priyanka Karunakar 2, Sujatha. K 3, Fathima T 4.
Abstract:  Background: Medial circumflex femoral artery is an important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an important artery in supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur, the adductor muscles and form anastomosis around head of femur. So study of variation of medial circumflex femoral artery great value for surgeon and orthopaedic surgeries. 
Materials and Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga (India) during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy.
Result: In present study, we found that 25 extremities (25.49%) medial circumflex femoral artery was originated directly from femoral artery. In 10 extremities (9.80%) a common trunk was observed form medial circumflex femoral with femoral artery. Normal study was observed in 66 extremities (64.70%).
Conclusion: In present study and other past studies we conclude that knowledge of variation in this artery is very important to preventing injury to vessels during surgical procedures around hip joint and also has important value in plastic surgery operations as the vascular pedicle of grafts such as the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flap, medial thigh flap and medial circumflex femoral (gracilis) perforator free flap. During case of selective arteriography in ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head to know the arterial supply of the femoral head it is used.
KEY WORDS: Medial circumflex femoral artery, Profunda femoris artery, Femoral artery.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON NECK SHAFT ANGLE AND FEMORAL LENGTH OF SOUTH INDIAN FEMURS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:34:33 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.512.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shakil Mohamad Khan 1,  Shaik Hussain Saheb *2 .
Abstract:Back ground: Femoral nek anteversion describes the angle subtended by the femoral neck with reference to the transcondylar plane of the distal end of the femur and is usually 15° to 45°. This along with the neck shaft angle, hip axis length, femoral neck width influence the risk of femoral neck fracture. Femoral neck anteversion angle has to be taken into consideration when reduction and fixation is selected as a method of treatment.
Objectives: The objectives of present study to find out the measurements of Neck shaft angle, Femoral Length and Neck Length of femur. 
Materials and Methods: In present study have used 250 femurs from different colleges in south India. The following measurements were conducted  Neck shaft angle, Femoral Length and Neck Length of femur. 
Results: The results of present study are the length of femur was 446.2+26.39mm, right femur was 446.6+26.66mm and left femur was 445.8+26.12mm,  the Neck Length  femur was 36.3+4.2mm,  right femur  was 36.1+4.1mm and left femur  was 36.4+4.3m. the neck shaft angle of femur was  137.10 , right femur was 137.30 and left femur  was 136.90.
Conclusion: There is no significance difference between right and left femur measurements.  Orthopaedists and  Radiologists use the normal range and means of the neck shaft angle in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease of the hip. The angle is increased in congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy and idiopathic scoliosis and decreased in the congenital coxavara , post traumatic coxa vara due to malunited femoral neck and inter trochanteric fractures.
KEY WORDS: Femoral Length, Neck Length, Neck Shaft angle and Femur.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF FEMUR IN SOUTH INDIA</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:17:08 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.511.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Shakil Mohamad Khan 1,  Shaik Hussain Saheb *2 .
Abstaract:Back ground: Anthropometry provides scientific method and technique for taking various measurements in different geographic regions and races.  The femur is the weight bearing typical long bone of lower limb which extends from the pelvis to the knee. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur specially head and neck of the femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.
Objectives: The objectives of present study to find out the measurements of Platymeric index,Robusticity index and Foraminal index.
Materials and Methods: In present study have used 250 femurs from different colleges in south India. The following measurements were conducted  Platymeric index, Robusticity index and  Foraminal index for both right and left femur.
Results: The results of present study are the Physiological length of left femur was 44.15+2.35 and right was 43.98+2.15,  the Rubusticity index of left femur was 15.26+1.17 and right was 14.34+1.21the Platymetric index of left femur was 85.70+6.35 and right was 86.32+6.15, the Foraminal index of left femur was between 37-65% and right was 35-62%.
Conclusion: The present study shows that there is significance different in between right and left femurs measurements. The anatomical knowledge of different dimensions of femur is very essential in anthropological and medico-legal practice for sex determination and as well as to radiologists, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis and planning of treatment.
KEY WORDS: Platymeric index, Robusticity index, Foraminal index, Femur.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF PLACENTAL WEIGHT AND FETAL OUTCOME IN DIFFERENT GRADES OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:13:11 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.509.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Raghavendra. A. Y *1, Vinay. K.V 2, Veena Pai 3.
Abstract:Introduction and Objectives: Placenta is a feto-maternal organ which is vital for maintaining pregnancy and promoting normal development of the fetus. The weight of the placenta is functionally significant because it is related to villous surface area and to fetal metabolism. Present study has done to record the placental weight and co-relate with the corresponding fetal weight.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 placentae were studied, out of which 50 placentae belong to pregnancy induced hypertension and 50 placentae were of normotensive pregnant mothers. The weight of placenta and weight of fetus were compared between normotensive (Control) and hypertensive mothers (Cases).
Results: The mean weight of placenta in study group was low as compared to that in the control group. The birth weight of newborn was low with increasing grades of hypertension compared to control groups. The feto- placental weight ratio was higher in case of mild and severe preeclampsia. The incidence of stillbirth was 0.5%, 12.5% and 20% in mild pre-ecampsia, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia respectively.
Conclusion:  In present study, the birth weight was low with increasing grades of hypertension compared to control groups. The fetal: placental weight ratio was higher in case of mild and severe preeclampsia. The incidence of eclampsia was more common in primigravida where as mild preeclampsia was more common in multigravida. The mean weight of placenta in study group was low compared to control group. Thus study of placental changes in pregnancy induced hypertension may help us to understand patho-physiological mechanisms and design treatment plans for better maternal and foetal outcome. Modern sophisticated techniques like ultrasonography have made it possible to study the necessary placental parameters in utero. This helps in assessing the foetal outcome and management.
Key words: Feto-Placental weight ratio, Pre-Eclampsia.
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF MUSCLE PLANTARIS: ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHT</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:10:06 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.508.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Mohini M Joshi*1, Subhash D Joshi 2, Sharda S Joshi 3.
ABSTRACTBackground: Plantaris is large muscle in mammals other than primates. Plantaris muscle has long been a subject of much confusion and speculation Evolutionists have speculated on its phylogenetic significance, as a vestigial organ, while surgeons have removed it ‘useless vestige’ to employ its tendon as a spare part for the surgical repair, example tendon transfer operations and reconstruction and as a graft in reconstruction of ligaments etc. In humans it is reduced greatly in size, power, and function and may even be absent.  
Aim: With this background the aim of the present work is to study morphology, describe the observed variations of the Plantaris muscle, and to discuss the functional significance of Plantaris muscle. 
Methodology: For the present work 84 limbs available in the department of Anatomy were dissected. The posterior aspect of the knee was dissected using standard surgical equipment and dissection techniques. The Plantaris muscle was isolated and length of fleshy belly and tendon were measured. Any variations in origin, insertion and size were recorded. 
Result: Mean length of fleshy belly of the Plantaris muscle was 8.39 cm on right side and 8.16 cm on left side. In present study Plantaris muscle was absent 6.66% on right side of the leg; while 12.82 % on left side. In present study variation in insertion of the Plantaris were observed like insertion along medial margin of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, in front of tendocalcaneus on to calcaneus, fused to tendocalcaneus and insertion of the Plantaris on deep fascia of leg at the level of ankle. Other variations noted were two bellies of the Plantaris one from lateral supracondylar ridge and other from deep surface of Gastrocnemius, two heads of Plantaris: Both bellies were fused in the lower part producing bipennate arrangement, thin & thick belly of the Plantaris muscle. Variations were also observed in relation to origin that Plantaris muscle originating from deep surface of lateral head of Gastrocnemius & in other case origin from capsule. Bicipital Plantaris was seen where one head was originating from capsule of knee joint and other from lateral condyle. 
Conclusion: In order to avoid any inadvertent injury during surgical operations, variation of the Plantaris must be borne in mind. Awareness of the insertion pattern of the Plantaris tendon is also important for clinicians in the diagnosis of muscle tears and for surgeons performing reconstructive procedures. Considering the above facts, the existence and importance of the Plantaris muscle cannot be undermined.
Key Words: Plantaris muscle, Variations, Morphology
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF LATERAL CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERY </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:07:18 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.507.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Brijesh R.  Aghera *1, Priyanka Karunakar 2, Sujatha. K 3, T. Vijay. Sylvester 4.
Abstract: Background: Lateral circumflex femoral artery is a one of most important branch of Profunda femoris artery. It is an artery supplying blood to the head and neck of the femur and form anastomosis around upper part of femur. In many cases artery is useful for bypass surgery like aortopopliteal bypass, anterolateral thigh flap, coronary bypass surgery. Hence the knowledge of variations of artery and its branches are useful during operations such as total hip arthroplasty and other surgery to prevent haemorrhage and other complications.
Methods: The present study includes 102 lower limbs of adult formalin fixed human cadavers used for the routine dissection procedure for under graduate and post graduate students in the department of Anatomy, M.R. Medical College, KBN Medical college and H K E Homeopathic College, Gulbarga during 2011-2014.The study was done by dissection method as per Cunningham’s manual of practical Anatomy. 
Results: The origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from profunda femoral artery on lateral aspect was observed in 82 limbs (80.38%).Origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from femoral artery having common stem with Profunda femoris artery were observed in 11 limbs (10.78%).Origin of lateral circumflex femoral artery from femoral artery were observed in 7 limbs (7.8%).
Conclusion: Concluding and comparison of our study and past studies, all knowledge of the normal anatomy and variations of the site of origin and course of the LCF artery is not only surgical importance during vascular diagnostic intervention and surgeries but also helps in reducing the chances of intra-operative secondary haemorrhage and post-operative complications.
Key words: Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Profunda femoris artery, Femoral artery
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BILATERAL ANOMALOUS MUSCLE IN THE POPLITEAL FOSSA &amp; ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 14:01:35 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.501.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sowmya S *,  Meenakshi Parthasarathi, Sharmada KL, Sujana M.
Abstract:Muscle variation may occur due to genetic or developmental causes. Some variations may compromise the vascular, muscular or nervous system in the region. Bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa is very rare. In present study an instance of bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa, arising from different muscles like gastrocnemius and from biceps femoris is recorded. There is no report of such variations. These observations are rare of its kind because of bilateral asymmetrical presence and difference in the origins in different legs. This is the first report as for the literatures available. Clinical and functional importance of such variation is discussed with the morphological aspects of this anomalous muscle.KEY WORDS: Popliteal fossa, Gastrocnemius, Biceps femoris, Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF TROPHOBLASTS AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF FALLOPIAN TUBE IN TUBAL PREGNANCY AND ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ITS EARLY RUPTURE</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 13:53:41 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.500.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Sowmya S *1, Priya R 2, Meenakshi P 3, Shwetha B 4.
Abstract: Fertilisation takes place in the lumen of fallopian tube, from where, aided by the ciliated columnar epithelium of the tube, the fertilised ovum makes its way into uterine cavity and the implantation occurs. The passage of fertilised ovum into uterine cavity is delayed or obstructed by developmental, mechanical or other defects which lead to tubal gestation. The incidence varies from 1 in 300 to 1 in 150 pregnancies and it contributes significantly to the maternal mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis and therapy has helped to reduce the maternal death due to ectopic pregnancy. However, study on histological changes of early ectopic pregnancy are rather scarce and therefore, the present study was conducted on 25 patients of ectopic pregnancy specimens observed for the mode and extent of invasion of chorionic villi, and the histological changes in wall of the fallopian tubes to evaluate the causes of early tubal rupture as well as estimation of gestational age by the study of chorionic villi.
KEYWORDS: Fallopian tube, Chorionic villi, Ectopic pregnancy, Tubal rupture, Nidation]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DOUBLE-BELLIED EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS MANUS</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2014 12:44:49 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.2.4/IJAR.2014.496.pdf</link>
      <author>editoranatomy@gmail.com</author>
      <comments>http://www.ijmhr.org/ijar_contactus.htm</comments>
      <category>Science</category>
      <description><![CDATA[Lydia S. Quadros *1, Antony Sylvan D’souza 2.
Abstract:Most of the anatomical variations are noted during the cadaveric dissections. A rare variation of the Extensor digitorum brevis manus was observed on the dorsal aspect of the right hand of a 69-year-old male cadaver. This atavistic muscle had two bellies which originated from the dorsal aspect of the lower end of radius and the capsule of the wrist joint respectively. The two bellies fused to form a single tendon which inserted into the ulnar side of the dorsal digital expansion of the middle finger. Posterior interosseous nerve innervated the two bellies. This muscle may be involved in the wrist pain or may be misinterpreted as a ganglion or a nodule upon radiological examination. This muscle may be used for reconstructive purposes. 
KEY WORDS: Extensor digitorum brevis manus, Fourth compartment syndrome, Posterior interosseous nerve, Wrist pain.]]></description>
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