{"id":3115,"date":"2025-12-04T17:23:02","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T17:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ijmhr.org\/IntJAnatRes\/?page_id=3115"},"modified":"2025-12-04T17:23:02","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T17:23:02","slug":"ijar-2025-245","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ijmhr.org\/IntJAnatRes\/ijar-2025-245","title":{"rendered":"IJAR.2025.245"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/i> DOWNLOAD PDF<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/i> Table of Contents<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Type of Article:<\/strong> \u00a0Original Research<\/h3>\n

Volume 13; Issue 4 (<\/strong>December 2025)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Page No.:<\/strong> 9368-9373<\/h3>\n

DOI:\u00a0<\/strong>https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.16965\/ijar.2025.245<\/h3>\n

Anatomical Aspects of Thyroid Gland Innervation and their Clinical Significance<\/h3>\n

Zora Haviarov\u00e1 *\u00b9, Roman Kuruc \u00b2, \u0160tefan Durd\u00edk \u00b3, Viktor Matej\u010d\u00edk \u2074.<\/strong><\/p>\n

*1 <\/sup>Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia, ORCiD:<\/strong> 0000-0003-1583-6938<\/p>\n

2 <\/sup>Institute of Forensic Medicine, Health Care of Surveillance Authority, \u017dellova 2, 82924 Bratislava 25, Slovakia, ORCiD:<\/strong> 0000-0002-5058-5356<\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Department of Oncological Surgery,\u00a0 St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Heydukova 10, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia, ORCiD:<\/strong> 0000-0001-7290-5122<\/p>\n

4 <\/sup>Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Limbov\u00e1 5, 83305 Bratislava, Slovakia, ORCiD:<\/strong> 0000-0001-9051-4803<\/p>\n

Corresponding author:<\/strong> Assoc. Prof. Zora Haviarov\u00e1, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sasinkova 2, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia, E-Mail:<\/strong> zora.haviarova@fmed.uniba.sk<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Background<\/strong>. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland, and thyroid diseases are common health problems, especially in females. Thyroid disorders like goitre, adenoma and carcinoma can be manipulated mainly through surgical interventions. Nerve fibres provide the innervation of the thyroid gland from two sources: the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk and the vagus nerve, especially from its branches \u2013 the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves.<\/p>\n

Material and methods.<\/strong>\u00a0 20 human cadavers (17 male, 3 females, age range 30-86 yrs, without any nervous pathology) were dissected in the supine position. The cervical autonomous system was clarified bilaterally through a \u2018scarf\u2019 skin incision made on both sides along the clavicle to its lateral part. Then the vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk, spinal nerves and their branches, and the phrenic nerve were dissected, followed and documented.<\/p>\n

Results.<\/strong> The number of nerve twigs involved in thyroid innervation is different in each case. In some cases, the branches exiting from the sympathetic trunk dominate over the vagus nerve twigs; on the other hand, vagus nerve branches prevail. If there are additional ganglia in the sympathetic trunk cervical part, the rare cases of its longitudinal distribution were observed. Various situations are drawn in schemes.<\/p>\n

Conclusion.<\/strong> A thorough and detailed knowledge of thyroid innervation anatomy is essential not only for safe thyroid surgery to minimise postoperative complications, but also for other cervical surgical approaches (like for example, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion).<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Thyroid gland, Innervation, Variability.<\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]. Matej\u010d\u00edk V, Haviarov\u00e1 Z, Kuruc R. Peculiarities of the autonomic nervous system. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK, 2023. ISBN: 1-5275-9309-6, ISBN13: 978-1-5275-9309-1
[2]. Melander A, Ericson L, Ljunggren J, Norberg K, Persson B, Sundler F, Tibblin S, Westgren U. Sympathetic innervation of the normal human thyroid. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1974;39(4):713-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JCEM-39-4-713
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[5]. Sundler F, Grunditz T, H\u00e5kanson R, Uddman R. Innervation of the thyroid. A study of the rat using retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. Acta histochemica 1989;Supplementband 37:191-8.
[6]. Themistoklis KM, Korfias SI, Themistoklis IP, Boviatsis KA, Kokkoros AG, Spartalis ED, Mimidis GP, Sakas DE. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion combined with thyroid gland surgery, a tailored case and literature review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2019;20:629.
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[7]. Papachristos AJ, Glover A, Sywak M, Sidhu SB. Thyroidectomy in Australia 2022: lessons from 21,000 consecutive cases. ANZ J Surg 2022;92:1626-1630.
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[8]. Singh R. Surgical Anatomy of Thyroid Gland – A Comprehensive Review. Basic Sciences of Medicine 2020;9(1):10-14. DOI: 10.5923\/j.medicine.20200901.03
[9]. Abdreshov SN, Akhmetbaeva NA, Atanbaeva GK, Mamataeva AT, Nauryzbai UB. Adrenergic Innervation of the thyroid Gland, Blood and Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Nodes in Hypothyroidism. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2019;168(2):295- 299.
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[10]. Abdreshov SN, Demchenko GA, Mamataeva AT, Atanbaeva GK, Mankibaeva SA, Akhmetbaeva NA, Kozhaniyazova UN, Nauryzbai UB. Condition of Adrenergic Innervation Apparatus of the Thyroid Gland, Blood and Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Nodes during Correction of Hypothyrosis. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2021;171(2):281-285.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10517-021-05212-5
PMid:34173919<\/p>\n

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\n \t Cite this article:<\/strong><\/span> Zora Haviarov\u00e1, Roman Kuruc, \u0160tefan Durd\u00edk, Viktor Matej\u010d\u00edk. Anatomical Aspects of Thyroid Gland Innervation and their Clinical Significance. Int J Anat Res 2025;13(4):9368-9373. DOI:\u00a0<\/strong>10.16965\/ijar.2025.245\u00a0 \n <\/div>\t\n\t\t\n\n\n

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Type of Article: \u00a0Original Research Volume 13; Issue 4 (December 2025) Page No.: 9368-9373 DOI:\u00a0https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.16965\/ijar.2025.245 Anatomical Aspects of Thyroid Gland Innervation and their Clinical Significance Zora Haviarov\u00e1 *\u00b9, Roman Kuruc \u00b2, \u0160tefan Durd\u00edk \u00b3, Viktor Matej\u010d\u00edk \u2074. *1 Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia, ORCiD: 0000-0003-1583-6938 2 Institute
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